[Index]

R Language Definition

1. ½ø

2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

3. É½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á

4. ´Ø¿ô

5. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

6. ¸À¸ì¼«ÂÎ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

7. ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È³°Éô¸À¸ì¤È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

8. Îã³°½èÍý

9. ¥Ç¥Ð¥Ã¥°

10. ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

´Ø¿ô¤ÈÊÑ¿ô¤Îº÷°ú

A. »²¹ÍÊ¸¸¥

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1. ½ø

R ¸À¸ì¤Ï¡¢1980Ç¯Âå¤Ë¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó¤µ¤ì¤½¤ì°ÊÍèÅý·×´Ø·¸¼Ô¤Î´Ö¤Ç¹¤¯»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¿ S ¤ÎÊý¸À¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£S ¤Î¼çÍ×¤Ê³«È¯¼Ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë John M. Chambers ¤Ï 1998 Ç¯¤Î ACM ¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¾Þ¤ò¼õ¾Þ¤·¤¿¡£

¸À¸ì¤Î¹½Ê¸¤Ï C ¸À¸ì¤È³°¸«¾å¤ÎÎà»÷À¤ò»ý¤Ä¤¬¡¢ ¤½¤Î¥»¥Þ¥ó¥Æ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ï Lisp ¤È APL ¤Ë¶¯¤¤¿ÆÏÂÀ¤ò»ý¤Ä FPL (´Ø¿ô¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°¸À¸ì) ¤ÎÊÑ¼ï¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ÆÃ¤Ë¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï "¸À¸ì¤Ë¤è¤ë·×»»" ¤ò²ÄÇ½¤Ë¤·¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ë¤è¤êÉ½¸½¼°¤òÆþÎÏ¤Ë¼è¤ë´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¯¤³¤È¤ò ²ÄÇ½¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÅý·×¥â¥Ç¥ê¥ó¥°¤È¥°¥é¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ç¤·¤Ð¤·¤ÐÍÍÑ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¹Ô¤«¤éÆþÎÏ¤·¤¿´ÊÃ±¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ë¡¢R ¤ÎÂÐÏÃÅª¤Ê»ÈÍÑ¤«¤é ¶Ë¤á¤ÆÂ¿¤¯¤Î¤â¤Î¤òÆÀ¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÐÍè¤ë¡£¤³¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤òÄ¶¤¨¤ëÉ¬Í×¤ÎÁ´¤¯¤Ê¤¤¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤â ¤¤¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¤¬¡¢·«¤êÊÖ¤·¹Ô¤¦ºî¶È¤òÅý°ì²½¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤½¤Î¾ì¸Â¤ê¤Î¤ä¤êÊý¤ä¡¢ ¿·¤·¤¤¥¢¥É¥ª¥ó¥Ñ¥Ã¥±¡¼¥¸¤ò½ñ¤¯¤È¤¤¤¦ÌÜÉ¸¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢¼«Ê¬¼«¿È¤Î´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¤¿¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦ ¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤â¤¤¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£

¤³¤Î¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤¿Â¿¤¯¤Ï S ¤Ë¤âÆ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë³ºÅö¤¹¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ç¤â´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î ËÜ¼ÁÅª¤Ê°ã¤¤¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¡¢¤³¤È¤¬¤é¤òº®Íð¤µ¤»¤Ê¤¤¤¿¤á¤Ë R ¤Îµ½Ò¤Ë¸ÂÄê¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡£

R ¤ËÂ¿¾¯¤ÎÆëÀ÷¤ß¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÁ°Äó¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï R ¤Ø¤ÎÆþÌç½ñ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¤à¤·¤í¥×¥í¥°¥é¥Þ¡¼ÍÑ¤Î »²¾È¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Â¾¤Î¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë¡¢ÆÃ¤Ë section `Preface' in R Introduction¡¢¤Ï R ¤Ø¤Î ÊÝ´ÉÅª¤Ê¾ðÊó¤òÄó¶¡¤·¡¢section `System and foreign language interfaces' in Writing R Extensions ¤Ï¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ë ¤·¤¿¥³¡¼¥É¤Ç R ¤ò³ÈÄ¥¤¹¤ëÊýË¡¤ò¾Ü½Ò¤¹¤ë¡£

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2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

Á´¤Æ¤Î·×»»µ¡¸À¸ì¤Ç¤ÏÊÑ¿ô(Ëô¤Ï¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë)¤Ï¥á¥â¥ê¡¼Ãæ¤ËÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ë¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤¹¤ë ¼êÃÊ¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£R ¤Ï·×»»µ¡¤Î¥á¥â¥ê¡¼¤Ø¤ÎÄ¾ÀÜÅª¤Ê¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¼êÃÊ¤òÄó¶¡¤»¤º¡¢¤à¤·¤í º£¸å¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë´ö¤Ä¤«¤ÎÆÃ¼ì²½¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Ç¡¼¥¿¹½Â¤¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤äÊÑ¿ô¤ò²ð¤·¤Æ»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é R ¤Ç¤Ï¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Ï ¤½¤ì¼«¿È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Â¾¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÈÆ±¤¸ÊýË¡¤ÇÁàºî¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÐÍè¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤ÏÂ¾¤ÎÂ¿¤¯¤Î¸À¸ì¤È°Û¤Ê¤ê¡¢¹ÈÏ°Ï¤ËÅÏ¤ë¸ú²Ì¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

¤³¤Î¾Ï¤Ç¤Ï R ¤ÇÄó¶¡¤µ¤ì¤ëÍÍ¡¹¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¹½Â¤¤Î½àÈ÷Åª¤Êµ½Ò¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¡£ ¤½¤ì¤é¤ÎÂ¿¤¯¤Î¤è¤ê¾ÜºÙ¤ÊµÄÏÀ¤Ï°ú¤Â³¤¯¾Ï¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£ The R ¸ÇÍ¤Î´Ø¿ô typeof ¤Ï¤¢¤ë R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î·¿ type ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£R ¤Î´ðÁÃ¤Ë¤¢¤ë C ¤Î¥³¡¼¥É¤Ç¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï ÄêµÁ·¿ SEXPREC ¤Ø¤Î¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤¿ R ¤Î¥Ç¡¼¥¿·¿¤Ï C ¤Ç SEXPTYPE ¤ÈÉ½¸½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¹½Â¤¤ÎÍÍ¡¹¤ÊÉôÊ¬¤Î¾ðÊó¤¬¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤ò·èÄê¤¹¤ë¡£

¼¡¤ÎÉ½¤Ï typeof ¤¬ÊÖ¤¹Á´¤Æ¤Î²ÄÇ½¤ÊÃÍ¤È¤½¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ò¼¨¤¹¡£

NULL ¶õ

symbol ÊÑ¿ôÌ¾

pairlist ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

closure ´Ø¿ô

environment ´Ä¶

promise ÃÙ±äÉ¾²Á¤ò¼Â¸½¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

language R ¤Î¸À¸ì¹½À®

special ¤½¤Î°ú¤¿ô¤òÉ¾²Á¤·¤Ê¤¤ÁÈ¹þ¤ß´Ø¿ô

builtin ¤½¤Î°ú¤¿ô¤òÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ëÁÈ¹þ¤ß´Ø¿ô

logical ÏÀÍýÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

integer À°¿ôÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

double ¼Â¿ôÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

complex Ê£ÁÇ¿ôÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

character Ê¸»úÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

... ÆÃ¼ì¤Ê²ÄÊÑÄ¹°ú¤¿ô ***

any Á´¤Æ¤Î·¿¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ëÆÃ¼ì¤Ê·¿ ***

expression É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

list ¥ê¥¹¥È

externalptr ³°Éô¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤¬ `***' ¤Ç¥Þ¡¼¥¯¤µ¤ì¤¿¹àÌÜ¤ò¡¢¤¹¤¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¶ìÏ«¤»¤º¤Ë¡¢ÍýÍÑ¤Ç¤¤ë¤È¤Ï»×¤¨¤Ê¤¤¡£ È¿Îã¤¬¤¢¤ì¤Ð¶µ¤¨¤Æ¤â¤é¤¤¤¿¤¤¡£

´Ø¿ô mode ¤Ï Becker, Chambers & Wilks (1988) ¤Î°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î mode ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë ¾ðÊó¤òÍ¿¤¨¡¢Â¾¤Î S ¸À¸ì¤Î¥¤¥ó¥×¥ê¥á¥ó¥È¤È´°Á´¤Ë¸ß´¹À¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ ºÇ¸å¤Ë¡¢´Ø¿ô storage.mode ¤Ï Becker et al. (1988) ¤Î°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤Î¡¢¤½¤Î°ú¤¿ô¤Î storage mode ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï°ìÈÌ¤Ë¡¢C ¤ä FORTRN ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¡¢Â¾¸À¸ì¤Ç½ñ¤«¤ì¤¿´Ø¿ô¤ò ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤¹¤È¤¤Ë¡¢R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ë¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¤¬´üÂÔ¤¹¤ë¥Ç¡¼¥¿·¿¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤ò ÊÝ¾Ú¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£(S ¸À¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¡¢À°¿ô¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¼Â¿ôÃÍ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ï¶¦¤Ë "numeric" ¥â¡¼¥É¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢½¾¤Ã¤Æ¤½¤ì¤é¤ÎÊÝ´É¥â¡¼¥É¤Ï¶èÊÌ¤¹¤ëÉ¬Í×¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£)

> x <- 1:3 > typeof(x) [1] "integer" > mode(x) [1] "numeric" > storage.mode(x) [1] "integer"

2.1 ´ðËÜ·¿

2.2 Â°À

2.3 ÆÃ¼ì¤ÊÊ£¹ç¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

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2.1 ´ðËÜ·¿

2.1.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

2.1.2 ¥ê¥¹¥È

2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.6 NULL

2.1.7 ÁÈ¹þ¤ß¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÈÆÃ¼ì·Á¼°

2.1.8 Promise ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.10 ´Ä¶

2.1.12 "any" ·¿

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2.1.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÏÅù¼ÁÅª¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ò´Þ¤àÏ¢Â³¤·¤¿¥»¥ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤ÆÎÉ¤¤¡£ ¥»¥ë¤Ï x[5] ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿Åº»úÁàºî¤Ë¤è¤ê¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹½ÐÍè¤ë¡£ ¾ÜºÙ¤Ï @xref{Indexing} ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£.

R ¤Ï5¤Ä¤Î´ðËÜÅª¤Ê¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë·¿¤ò»ý¤Ä: ÏÀÍý¡¢À°¿ô¡¢¼Â¿ô¡¢Ê£ÁÇ¿ô¤½¤·¤ÆÊ¸»úÎó(¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÊ¸»ú)¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¥¿¥¤¥×¤Î¥â¡¼¥É¤ÈÊÝ´É¥â¡¼¥É¤¬¼¡É½¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£

·¿ ¥â¡¼¥É ÊÝ´É¥â¡¼¥É

ÏÀÍýÃÍ logical logical

À°¿ôÃÍ numeric integer

ÇÜÀºÅÙ¼Â¿ôÃÍ numeric double

Ê£ÁÇ¿ôÃÍ complex complex

Ê¸»ú character character

Ê¸»úÎó¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ï "character" ¤È¤¤¤¦¥â¡¼¥É¤ÈÊÝ´É¥â¡¼¥É¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¾¯¤·Ê¶¤é¤ï¤·¤¤¡£

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2.1.2 ¥ê¥¹¥È

¥ê¥¹¥È ("Áí¾ÎÅª¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë") ¤Ï¤â¤¦°ì¤Ä¤Î¥Ç¡¼¥¿ÊÝ´É¼êÃÊ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥ê¥¹¥È ¤ÏÍ×ÁÇ¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤½¤Î³Æ¡¹¤ÏÇ¤°Õ¤Î·¿¤Î R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò´Þ¤à¤³¤È¤¬½ÐÍè¤ë¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢ ¥ê¥¹¤È¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤ÏÆ±¤¸·¿¤Ç¤¢¤ëÉ¬Í×¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£¥ê¥¹¥ÈÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï»°¤Ä¤Î°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤¿Åº»úÁàºî¤Ç¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï @xref{Indexing} ¤Ç¾Ü¤·¤¯ÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

R ¸À¸ì¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ë»°¤Ä¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î·¿¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ calls, expressions, ¤½¤·¤Æ names ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ R ¤Ï·¿ "expression"¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò»ý¤Ä¤Î¤Ç¡¢Â¾¤ÎÊ¸Ì®Ãæ¤Ç¸ÀÍÕ¤Ë¤è¤ë É½¸½¼°¤Î»ÈÍÑ¤òÈò¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡£ÆÃ¤Ë¹½Ê¸Åª¤ËÀµ¤·¤¤É½¸½¤Ï statements ¤È¤¤¤¦Ì¾Á°¤Ç»²¾È¤¹¤ë¡£

¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï "call", "expression" ¤½¤·¤Æ "name" ¤È¤¤¤¦¥â¡¼¥É¤ò¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì»ý¤Ä¡£

¤³¤ì¤é¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¤«¤é quote µ¡¹½¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ÆÄ¾ÀÜ¤Ë¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢ as.list ´Ø¿ô¤È as.call ´Ø¿ô¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¥ê¥¹¥È¤«¤é¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ø¡¢ ÊÑ´¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏÌÚ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤ÏÉ¸½àÅª¤ÊÅº»úÁàºî¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ÆÈ´¤½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

2.1.3.1 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

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2.1.3.1 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Ï R ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë¡£Á´¤Æ¤Î R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÌ¾Á°¤Ï ÉáÄÌ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Ï´Ø¿ô quote ¤òÄÌ¤¸¤Æ¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£.

¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Ï¥â¡¼¥É "name"¡¢ÊÝ´É¥â¡¼¥É "symbol"¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ ·¿ "symbol" ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï as.character ¤È as.name ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ Ê¸»úÎó¤«¤é¡¢¤½¤·¤ÆÊ¸»úÎó¤Ø¡¢¶¯À©ÊÑ´¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏºÑ¤ß¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤Î¥¢¥È¥à¤È¤·¤Æ¼«Á³¤ËÅÐ¾ì¤¹¤ë¡¢ Îã¤¨¤Ð as.list(quote(x + y)) ¤ò»î¤·¤Æ¤ß¤è¡£

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2.1.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

R ¤Ç¤Ï·¿ "expression" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ °ì¤Ä¤Î expression ¤Ï°ì¤Ä¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÊ£¿ô¤ÎÊ¸¤ò´Þ¤à¡£Ê¸¤È¤Ï ¹½Ê¸Åª¤ËÀµ¤·¤¤¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Î½¸¤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¡¢ ¤½¤ì¤¬¹½Ê¸²òÀÏºÑ¤ß¤Î¡¢¤·¤«¤·Ì¤É¾²Á¤Î R Ê¸¤ò´Þ¤à¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤Ç¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ë »÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¼ç¤Ê°ã¤¤¤Ï¡¢É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÏÊ£¿ô¤Î¤½¤¦¤·¤¿É½¸½¤ò¤Õ¤¯¤à¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤â¤¦°ì¤Ä¤Î¤è¤êÈùÌ¯¤Êº¹°Û¤Ï¡¢·¿ "expression" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÏÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë eval ¤Ë °ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤À¤±É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë°ìÊý¡¢¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï»×¤ï¤Ì¤È¤³¤í¤ÇÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë²ÄÇ½À¤¬ ¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£

É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÈÎÉ¤¯»÷¤¿¿¶Éñ¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤½¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤È Æ±ÍÍ¤Î»ÅÊý¤Ç¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

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2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

¥¯¥í¡¼¥¸¥ã¡¼¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î»°¤Ä¤ÎÉôÊ¬¤ò formals, body ¤½¤·¤Æ environment ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¼è¤ê½Ð¤·¡¢Áàºî¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë (¤Þ¤¿»°¤Ä¤Î¤É¤ì¤â¤¬ÂåÆþ¼°¤Îº¸ÊÕ¹à¤Ë»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë)¡£ ºÇ¸å¤Î°ì¤Ä¤Ï¤·¤Ð¤·¤ÐÉÔÉ¬Í×¤Ê´Ä¶¼è¤ê¹þ¤ßÍ×ÁÇ¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¯¤Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£ as.list ¤È as.function ¤òÍÑ¤¤¡¢´Ø¿ô¤ò¥ê¥¹¥È¹½Â¤¤Ø¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¥ê¥¹¥È¹½Â¤¤«¤é´Ø¿ô¤Ø¡¢ ÊÑ´¹¤¹¤ëµ¡Ç½¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï S ¤È¤Î¸ß´¹À¤ò°Ý»ý¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËÄó¶¡¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢»È¤ï¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ò´«¤á¤ë¡£

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2.1.6 NULL

NULL ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ëÆÃ¼ì¤Ê¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¤¢¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ò »Ø¼¨¤¹¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë¤¿¤Ó¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£Â¿¤¯¤Î¥ê¥¹¥×¤Î¼ÂÁõ¤Ç¤Ï NULL ¤ÏÃ±¤ËÄ¹¤µ¥¼¥í¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢R ¤Ï Scheme ¤òÌÏÈÏ¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¤½¤ì¤È¤Ï°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤¿°·¤¤¤¬¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢Ä¹¤µ¥¼¥í¤Î pairlist ¤Ï NULL ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

NULL ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï·¿¤âÊÑ¹¹²ÄÇ½¤ÊÀ¼Á¤â»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¡£ R ¤Ë¤ÏÍ£°ì¤Ä¤Î NULL ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¸ÄÊÌÎã¤Ï¤½¤ì¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë¡£ NULL ¤ËÂ°À¤òÀßÄê¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤¤Ê¤¤¡£.

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2.1.7 ÁÈ¹þ¤ß¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÈÆÃ¼ì·Á¼°

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2.1.8 Promise ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

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2.1.9 ¥É¥Ã¥È

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2.1.10 ´Ä¶

´Ä¶¤Ï´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ç°ÅÌÛ¤Î¤¦¤Á¤Ëºî¤ê½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢Ä¾ÀÜ new.env ¤Ë¤è¤êºî¤ê½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ °ì¤Ä¤Î´Ä¶¤Î¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤ÎÆâÍÆ¤Ï can be accesses and manipulated by get ¤È assign ¤½¤·¤Æ eval ¤È evalq ¤Ë¤è¤ê¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤·¡¢Áàºî¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

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2.1.11 ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥×¤Î¥É¥Ã¥ÈÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ë»÷¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï R ¤ÎÆâÉô¤ÇÅ°ÄìÅª¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¡¼¥¿¥³¡¼¥É¤Ç¤Ï ¤Û¤È¤ó¤ÉÌÜ¤ËÉÕ¤¯¤³¤È¤ÏÌµ¤¤¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¤³¤ì¤Ï formals ¤ÎÊÖÃÍ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤·¡¢ Îã¤¨¤Ð pairlist ´Ø¿ô¤Çºî¤ê½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î³Æ¡¹¤Ï»°¤Ä¤ÎÃæ¿È¡¢CAR ÃÍ¡¢CDR ÃÍ¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ TAG ÃÍ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£ TAG ÃÍ¤Ï¥Æ¥¥¹¥ÈÊ¸»úÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢CAR ¤È CDR ¤ÏÉáÄÌ¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì NULL ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò½ª·ë»Ò¤Ë»ý¤Ä ¥ê¥¹¥È¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¹àÌÜ(ÀèÆ¬)¤È¤½¤Î»Ä¤ê(ËöÈø)¤òÉ½¤¹(CAR/CDR ¤È¤¤¤¦³µÇ°¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥×¤ËÅÁÅýÅª¤Ê ¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤â¤È¤â¤È60Ç¯Âå½é´ü¤Î IBM ¤Î·×»»µ¡¤Î¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤È¸º»»¥ì¥¸¥¹¥¿¡¼¤ò»Ø¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿)¡£

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2.1.12 "any" ·¿

¤¢¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬ "Any" ·¿¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÉÔ²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ë¤â´Ø¤é¤º¤³¤ì¤Ï Å¬Àµ¤Ê·¿ÃÍ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï°¿¤ë¼ï¤Î(¤«¤Ê¤êµ©¤Ê)¾õ¶·¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£ Îã¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï as.vector(x, "any") ¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢·¿¶¯À©ÊÑ´¹¤ò¤¹¤Ù¤¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ò»Ø¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£

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2.2 Â°À

Á´¤Æ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¤½¤ì¤é¤ËÉÕ¿ï¤¹¤ë°ì¤Ä¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÊ£¿ô¤ÎÂ°À¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ Â°À¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¡¢¤½¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤ÏÌ¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£Â°À¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ï attributes ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ÆÆÀ¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢ attributes<- ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ÆÀßÄê¤Ç¤¡¢ ¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï attr ¤È attr<- ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

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2.2.1 Ì¾Á°

2.2.2 ¼¡¸µ

2.2.3 ¼¡¸µÌ¾

2.2.4 ¥¯¥é¥¹

2.2.5 »þ·ÏÎóÂ°À

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2.2.1 Ì¾Á°

names Â°À¤ÏÂ¸ºß¤¹¤ì¤Ð¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤Î¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Î¥é¥Ù¥ë¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£ ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬½ÐÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤Ï names Â°À¤ÏÂ¸ºß¤¹¤ì¤ÐÍ×ÁÇ¤Î¥é¥Ù¥ë¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£ names Â°À¤Ï¤Þ¤¿Åº»úÁàºî¤Ë¤â»È¤¨¤ë¡¢Îã¤¨¤Ð quantile(x)["25%"]¡£

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°ì¼¡¸µ¤ÎÇÛÎó¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¤Ï names Â°À¤Ï¼ÂºÝ¤Ï dimnames[[1]] ¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë¡£

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2.2.2 ¼¡¸µ

dim Â°À¤ÏÇÛÎó¤ò¼ÂÁõ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£ÇÛÎó¤ÎÃæ¿È¤ÏÎó¼çÆ³¤Î½ç½ø¤Ç ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ËÊÝÂ¸¤µ¤ì¡¢the dim Â°À¤ÏÀ°¿ô¤Î¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÇÇÛÎó¤ÎÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ëÈÏ°Ï¤ò»ØÄê¤¹¤ë¡£ R ¤Ï¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÎÄ¹¤µ¤¬¼¡¸µ¤ÎÀÑ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÊÝ¾Ú¤¹¤ë¡£

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2.2.3 ¼¡¸µÌ¾

ÇÛÎó¤ÏÊ¸»ú¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë dimnames Â°À¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ³Æ¼¡¸µ¤ËÌ¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ dimnames ¥ê¥¹¥È¼«¿È¤âÌ¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢¤â¤·»ý¤Æ¤ÐÇÛÎó¤ò½ÐÎÏ¤¹¤ë¤È¤¤Ë ÈÏ°Ï¤Î¸«½Ð¤·¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£

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2.2.4 ¥¯¥é¥¹

R ¤ÏÀöÎý¤µ¤ì¤¿¥¯¥é¥¹¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢class Â°À¤ÇÀ©¸æ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ÎÂ°À¤Ï¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬·Ñ¾µ¤¹¤ë¥¯¥é¥¹¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤ò´Þ¤àÊ¸»ú¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï R ¤Î "Áí¾ÎÅª¥á¥½¥Ã¥É" µ¡Ç½¤Î´ðÁÃ¤ò¤«¤¿¤Á¤Å¤¯¤ë¡£

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2.2.5 »þ·ÏÎóÂ°À

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2.3 ÆÃ¼ì¤ÊÊ£¹ç¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.3.1 °ø»Ò

2.3.2 ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

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2.3.1 °ø»Ò

°ø»Ò¤ÏÍ¸Â¸Ä¤ÎÃÍ¤ò»ý¤Ä¹àÌÜ(ÀÊÌ¡¢¼Ò²ñÅª¥¯¥é¥¹Åù)¤òµ½Ò¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£ °ø»Ò¤Ï labels Â°À¤È¥¯¥é¥¹ "factor" ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤È¤·¤Æ contrasts Â°À¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï°ø»Ò¤¬¥â¥Ç¥ë²½´Ø¿ôÃæ¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¤È¤ ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿²½¤òÀ©¸æ¤¹¤ë¡£

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2.3.2 ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤Ï SAS ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï SPSS ¤Î¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥»¥Ã¥È¡¢ ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Î "ÊÑÎÌ¤Ë¤è¤ë¾ì¹çÊ¬¤±" ¹ÔÎó¡¢¤ò ¤â¤Ã¤È¤â¿¿»÷¤¿ R ¤Î¹½Â¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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3. É½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á

¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤¬¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤ËÂÐ¤·¤¢¤ëÌ¿Îá¤ò¥¿¥¤¥×¤¹¤ë(¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¤¬¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤«¤éÆÉ¤ß¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë)¤È¡¢ ¤½¤ì¤ËÂÐ¤·ºÇ½é¤Ëµ¯¤³¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¥Ñ¡¼¥µ¡¼¤Ë¤è¤ê¤½¤ÎÌ¿Îá¤¬ÆâÉôÉ½¸½¤ËÊÑ´¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ É¾²Áµ¡¹½¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿ R ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤·¡¢É½¸½¼°¤ÎÃÍ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£Á´¤Æ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤Ï ÃÍ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£¤³¤ì¤¬¤³¤Î¸À¸ì¤Î³Ë¤È¤Ê¤ë»ö¼Â¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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3.1 Ã±½ã¤ÊÉ¾²Á

3.2 À©¸æ¹½Â¤

3.3 ´ðËÜÅª»»½Ñ±é»»

3.4 Åº»úÁàºî

3.5 ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

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3.1 Ã±½ã¤ÊÉ¾²Á

3.1.1 Äê¿ô

3.1.2 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¾È¹ç

3.1.3 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·

3.1.4 ±é»»»Ò

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3.1.1 Äê¿ô

> 1 [1] 1

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3.1.2 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¾È¹ç

> y <- 4 > y [1] 4

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3.1.3 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·

> mean(1:10) [1] 5.5

¤³¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï´Ø¿ô mean ¤¬°ì¤Ä¤Î°ú¿ô¡¢1 ¤«¤é 10 ¤Þ¤Ç¤ÎÀ°¿ô¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¡¢¤Çµ¯Æ°¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ï ¥¿¥°ÉÕ¤ °ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡¢Îã¤¨¤Ð plot(x, y, pch = 3)¡£ ¥¿¥°Ìµ¤·¤Î°ú¿ô¤Ï´Ø¿ô¤¬¤½¤ì¤é¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ò¸Æ½Ð»þ¤Î°ú¿ô¤Î°ÌÃÖ¤«¤é¶èÊÌ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë °ÌÃÖ°ÍÂ¸ ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤Ä¤Þ¤ê x ¤Ï¿åÊ¿¼´ºÂÉ¸¤Ç y ¤Ï¿âÄ¾¼´ºÂÉ¸¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£¥¿¥°¤ÎÍøÍÑ¤Ï¤¿¤¯¤µ¤ó¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Ä ´Ø¿ô¤ËÂÐ¤·ÌÀÇò¤ÊÊØµ¹¤ò¤â¤¿¤é¤¹¡£

> class(x) <- "foo"

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3.1.4 ±é»»»Ò

R ¤Ç¤Ï C ¸À¸ì¤ÈÎà»÷¤·¤¿±é»»»Ò¤òÍÑ¤¤¤¿¿ôÃÍÉ½¸½¼°¤Î»ÈÍÑ¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ Îã¤¨¤Ð¡¢

> 1 + 2 [1] 3

> y <- 2 * (a + log(x))

- º¹¡¢Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤âÆó¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¨¤ë

+ ÏÂ¡¢Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤âÆó¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¨¤ë

! Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤ÎÈÝÄê

~ ¥Á¥ë¥À¡¢¸ø¼°¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¡¢Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤âÆó¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¨¤ë

? ¥Ø¥ë¥×

: ¿ôÎó¡¢Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

* Multiplication, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

/ Division, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

^ Exponentiation, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

%x% Special Æó¹à±é»»»Ò operators, x can be replaced by anything

% Modulus, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

< Less than, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

> Greater than, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

== Equal to, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

>= Greater than or equal to, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

<= Less than or equal to, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

& And, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized

&& And, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, not ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized

| Or, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized

|| Or, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, not ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized

<- Left assignment, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

_ Left assignment, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, shouldn't be used

-> Right assignment, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

$ List subset, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

R ¤Ï¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÎÁ´ÂÎ¤ò°ìÅÙ¤Ë½èÍý¤Ç¤¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Î½éÅùÅª±é»»»Ò¤È log ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿ ´ðËÜÅª¿ô³Ø´Ø¿ô¤Ï¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë²½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë(¾å¤ÎÉ½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë)¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÎã¤¨¤Ð Æ±¤¸Ä¹¤µ¤Î¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Î ÏÂ¤ÏÍ×ÁÇËè¤ÎÏÂ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ò¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎºÝ°ÅÌÛ¤Î¤¦¤Á¤Ë¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÎÅº»ú¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥ë¡¼¥×Áàºî¤ò ¹Ô¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï -, * ¤½¤·¤Æ / ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿±é»»»Ò¤Ç¤â¡¢¤Þ¤¿ ¤è¤ê¹â¼¡¸µ¤Î¹½Â¤¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¤âÀ®¤êÎ©¤Ä¡£ÆÃ¤Ë¡¢Æó¤Ä¤Î¹ÔÎó¤ÎÀÑ¤ÏÄÌ¾ï¤Î¹ÔÎóÀÑ¤òÀ¸¤ß½Ð¤µ¤Ê¤¤ (¤³¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï %*% ±é»»»Ò¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë)¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë²½¤µ¤ì¤¿±é»»»Ò¤Ë ´Ø¤¹¤ë¤è¤ê¾ÜºÙ¤ÊÅÀ¤Ï 3.3 ´ðËÜÅª»»½Ñ±é»» ¤ÇµÄÏÀ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Î¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ë¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤ÏÉáÄÌ¹½Ê¸ x[i] ¤ò»È¤¦¡£

> x <- rnorm(5) > x [1] -0.12526937 -0.27961154 -1.03718717 -0.08156527 1.37167090 > x[2] [1] -0.2796115

¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ë¤Ï x$a ¤ä x[[i]] ¤ò»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤è¤êÉáÄÌ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

> x <- options() > x$prompt [1] "> "

R ¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî¤Ï 3.4 Åº»úÁàºî ¤Ç¹¹¤ËÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤ëÂ¿¤¯¤Î¤è¤ê¹âÅÙ¤ÊÆÃÄ§¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

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3.2 À©¸æ¹½Â¤

R ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë·×»»¤Ï Ê¸ ¤ò½ç¼¡É¾²Á¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ê¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ x<-1:10 ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï mean(y) ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿Ê¸¤Ï¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¿·¤·¤¤¹Ô¤Ç ¶èÀÚ¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¹½Ê¸Åª¤Ë´°Á´¤ÊÊ¸¤¬É¾²Áµ¡¹½¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢¤½¤ÎÊ¸¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì ÃÍ ¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ Ê¸¤ÎÉ¾²Á(2) ¤Î·ë²Ì¤ÏÊ¸¤ÎÃÍ¤È¤·¤Æ»²¾È¤Ç¤¤ë ¤³¤ÎÃÍ¤Ï¾ï¤Ë¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤ËÂåÆþ¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó¤È¿·¤·¤¤¹Ô¤Ï¶¦¤ËÊ¸¤Î¶èÀÚ¤ê¤Ë»È¤¨¤ë¡£ ¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó¤Ï¾ï¤ËÊ¸¤Î½ª¤ê¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¤¬¡¢¿·¤·¤¤¹Ô¤ÏÊ¸¤Î½ª¤ê¤ò»Ø¼¨¤¹¤ë¤«¤âÃÎ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£ ¤â¤·¸½ºß¤ÎÊ¸¤¬¹½Ê¸Åª¤Ë´°Á´¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤È¡¢É¾²Áµ¡¹½¤Ï¿·¤·¤¤¹Ô¤òÃ±¤ËÌµ»ë¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤â¤·¥»¥Ã¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬ÂÐÏÃÅª¤Ê¤é¡¢¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤¬ `>' ¤«¤é `+' ¤ØÂå¤ï¤ë¡£

> x <- 0; x + 5 [1] 5 > y <- 1:10 > 1; 2 [1] 1 [1] 2

> { x <- 0 + x + 5 + } [1] 5

3.2.1 ifÊ¸

3.2.2 ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Ê¸

3.2.4 whileÊ¸

3.2.5 for

3.2.6 switch

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3.2.1 ifÊ¸

if/else Ê¸¤Ï¾ò·ï¤Ë±þ¤¸¤ÆÆó¤Ä¤ÎÊ¸¤òÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ë¡£ É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë ¾ò·ï ¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢¤â¤·¤½¤Î ÃÍ ¤¬ TRUE ¤Ê¤éºÇ½é¤ÎÊ¸¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤ÐÆó¤ÄÌÜ¤ÎÊ¸¤¬ É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ if/else Ê¸¤Ï¤½¤ÎÃÍ¤È¤·¤ÆÁªÂò¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸¤ÎÃÍ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£ ·Á¼°Åª¤Ê¹½Ê¸¤Ï

if ( statement1 ) statement2 else statement3

ºÇ½é¤Ë statement1 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì value1 ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£¤â¤· value1 ¤¬ÏÀÍýÃÍ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ç¤½¤ÎºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤¬ TRUE ¤Ê¤é statement2 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤â¤· value1 ¤ÎºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤¬ FALSE ¤Ê¤é statement3 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤â¤· value1 ¤¬ ¿ôÃÍ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ê¤é value1¤ÎºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤¬¥¼¥í¤Ê¤é statement3 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð statement2 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ value1 ¤ÎºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤À¤±¤¬»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£Â¾¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤ÏÌµ»ë¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤· value1 ¤¬ÏÀÍýÃÍ¡¦¿ôÃÍ°Ê³°¤Î·¿¤ò»ý¤Æ¤Ð¡¢¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬µ¯¤¤ë¡£

if/else Ê¸¤ÏÉé¤Î¿ôÃÍ¤ÎÂÐ¿ô¤ò¼è¤ë¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¿ôÃÍÅª¤ÊÌäÂê¤òÈò¤±¤ë¤Î¤Ë »È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ if/else Ê¸¤ÏÂ¾¤ÎÊ¸¤ÈÆ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤ËÃÍ¤ò»ØÄê¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¼¡¤ÎÆó¤Ä¤ÎÎã¤ÏÆ±ÃÍ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

> if( any(x) <= 0 ) y <- log(1+x) else y <- log(x) > y <- if( any(x)<= 0 ) log(1+x) else log(x)

else Àá¤ÏÌµ¤¯¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£Ê¸ if(any(x) <= 0) x <- x[x <= 0] ¤ÏÀµ¤·¤¤¹½Ê¸¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤â¤· if Ê¸¤¬¥Ö¥í¥Ã¥¯Ãæ¤ËÌµ¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢ else ¤Ï¡¢¤â¤·¤¢¤ë¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢statement1 ¤ÈÆ±¤¸¹Ô¾å¤ËÌµ¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£ ¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð statement1 ¤ÎºÇ¸å¤Ë¤¢¤ë¹Ô´¹¤¨¤Ï¹½Ê¸Åª¤ËÀµ¤·¤¤Ê¸¤ò À¸¤ß½Ð¤·¡¢¤½¤Î¤Þ¤ÞÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¡£

if/else Ê¸¤ÏÆþ¤ì»Ò¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£

if ( statement1 ) statement2 else if ( statement3 ) statement4 else if ( statement5 ) statement6 else statement8

¶ö¿ôÈÖ¹æ¤ÎÊ¸¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢·ë²Ì¤ÎÃÍ¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤·¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Î else Àá¤¬¾ÊÎ¬¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¢Á´¤Æ¤Î´ñ¿ôÈÖ¹æ¤Î Àá¤¬ FALSE ¤ÈÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢¤É¤ÎÊ¸¤âÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤º NULL ¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

´ñ¿ôÈÖ¹æ¤Î statements ¤Ï¤É¤ì¤«¤¬ TRUE ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Þ¤Ç½ç¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢ ¤½¤ì¤ËÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¶ö¿ôÈÖ¹æ¤Î statement ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤³¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï statement6 ¤Ï statement1 ¤¬ FALSE¡¢statement3 ¤¬ FALSE¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ statement5 ¤¬ TRUE ¤Î»þ¤À¤±É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£else if Àá¤Î¿ô¤Ï¤É¤ì¤À¤±¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£

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3.2.2 ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Ê¸

R ¤ÏÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ê·«¤êÊÖ¤·(3)¤ò¹Ô¤¦»°¤Ä¤ÎÊ¸¤ò»ý¤Ä for¡¢while ¤½¤·¤Æ repeat Ê¸¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ Æó¤Ä¤ÎÁÈ¹þ¤ß¤Î¹½À®»Ò next ¤È break ¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÉÕ²ÃÅª¤ÊÀ©¸æ¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¡£ »°¤Ä¤ÎÊ¸¤Î³Æ¡¹¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤¿ºÇ¸å¤ÎÊ¸¤ÎÃÍ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£ ÉáÄÌ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÊ¸¤Î·ë²Ì¤ò¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤ËÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ R ¤Ï tapply¡¢apply ¤½¤·¤Æ and lapply ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿°ÅÌÛ¤Î·«¤êÊÖ¤· ¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î´Ø¿ô¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£²Ã¤¨¤ÆÂ¿¤¯¤Î±é»»¡¢ÆÃ¤Ë¿ôÃÍÅª¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¢¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë²½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢ ·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤ò»È¤¦É¬Í×¤ÏÌµ¤¤¤«¤âÃÎ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£.

·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤òÌÀ¼¨Åª¤ËÀ©¸æ¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë»È¤¨¤ëÆó¤Ä¤ÎÊ¸¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ break ¤È next ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ break Ê¸¤Ï¸½ºß¼Â¹ÔÃæ¤ÎºÇ¤âÆâ°Õ¤Î·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤«¤éÈ´¤±½Ð¤¹¡£ next Ê¸¤ÏÄ¾¤Á¤Ë·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤ÎºÇ½é¤ØÀ©¸æ¤ò°Ü¤¹¡£¤½¤ì¤«¤é·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Î¼¡¤¬(¤â¤·¤½¤ì¤¬¤¢¤ì¤Ð)¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¸½ºß¤Î·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Î next °Ê¹ß¤ÎÊ¸¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£

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3.2.3 reapetÊ¸

reapetÊ¸ ¤ÏÆÃ¤ËÃæÃÇ¤¬Í×µá¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Þ¤ÇËÜÂÎ¤ò·«¤êÊÖ¤·É¾²Á¤µ¤»¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï repeat Ê¸¤ò»È¤¦¤È²Ì¤Æ¤·¤Ê¤¤·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤ò¹Ô¤¦´í¸±¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò °ÕÌ£¤·Ãí°Õ¤¬É¬Í×¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£ repeat¤Ë¤è¤ë·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Î¹½Ê¸¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

repeat statement

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3.2.4 whileÊ¸

while Ê¸¤Ï repeat ¤Ë¤è¤¯»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ while ¤Ë¤è¤ë·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Î¹½Ê¸¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

while ( statement1 ) statement2

¤³¤³¤Ç statement1 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢¤â¤·¤³¤ì¤ÎÃÍ¤¬ TRUE ¤Ê¤é statement2 ¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤³¤Î²áÄø¤Ï statement1 ¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤¬ FALSE ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Þ¤ÇÂ³¤¯¡£ ¤â¤· statement2 ¤¬°ìÅÙ¤âÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤È while ¤Ï NULL ¤òÊÖ¤·¡¢¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð statement2.¤ÎºÇ¸å¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤¬ÃÍ¤È¤·¤ÆÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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3.2.5 for

for ¤Ë¤è¤ë·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Î¹½Ê¸¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

for ( name in vector ) statement1

¤³¤³¤Ç vector ¤Ï¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ç¤â¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£ vector Ãæ¤Î³ÆÍ×ÁÇ¤ËÂÐ¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÃÍ¤¬ÊÑ¿ô name ¤ËÀßÄê¤µ¤ì statement1 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£Éû¼¡Åª¸ú²Ì¤È¤·¤ÆÊÑ¿ô name ¤Ï·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤¬½ªÎ»¤·¤¿¸å¤âÂ¸Â³¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÃÍ¤Ï·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤¬É¾²Á¤·¤¿ vector ¤ÎºÇ¸å¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤ÎÃÍ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

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3.2.6 switch

¤½¤Î¹½Ê¸¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

switch (statement, list)

¤³¤³¤Ç list ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤ÏÌ¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£ºÇ½é¤Ë statement ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤½¤Î·ë²Ì var{value} ¤¬ÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¤â¤· value ¤¬ 1 ¤È list ¤ÎÄ¹¤µ¤Î´Ö¤Î¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢ÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë list ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì·ë²Ì¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤· value ¤¬Âç¤¤¹¤®¤ë¤«¾®¤µ¤¹¤®¤ë¤È NULL ¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

> x <- 3 > switch(x, 2+2, mean(1:10), rnorm(5)) [1] 2.2903605 2.3271663 -0.7060073 1.3622045 -0.2892720 > switch(2, 2+2, mean(1:10), rnorm(5)) [1] 5.5 > switch(6, 2+2, mean(1:10), rnorm(5)) NULL

¤â¤· value ¤¬Ê¸»ú¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ê¤é value ¤ËÀµ³Î¤Ë¾È¹ç¤¹¤ëÌ¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä `...' ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤â¤·¤É¤ì¤È¤â°ìÃ×¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð NULL ¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

> y <- "fruit" > switch(y, fruit = "banana", vegetable = "broccoli", meat = "beef") [1] "banana"

switch ¤ÎÉáÄÌ¤Î»ÈÍÑË¡¤Ï´Ø¿ô¤Î¤¢¤ë°ú¿ô¤ÎÊ¸»úÃÍ¤Ë±þ¤¸¤ÆÊ¬´ô½èÍý¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

> centre <- function(x, type) { + switch(type, + mean = mean(x), + median = median(x), + trimmed = mean(x, trim = .1)) + } > x <- rcauchy(10) > centre(x, "mean") [1] 0.8760325 > centre(x, "median") [1] 0.5360891 > centre(x, "trimmed") [1] 0.6086504

switch ¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸¤ÎÃÍ¤«¡¢¤É¤ÎÊ¸¤âÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð NULL ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£

´ûÂ¸¤ÎÁªÂò»è¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤«¤éÁª¤Ö¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï switch ¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤¹¤Ù¤¹àÌÜ¤òÁª¤Ö ºÇÎÉ¤ÎÊýË¡¤Ç¤ÏÌµ¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð eval(x[[condition]]) ·ÐÍ³¤Ç eval ¤ÈÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç±é»»»Ò [[ ¤òÄ¾ÀÜ»È¤¦Êý¤¬Ë¾¤Þ¤·¤¤¡£

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3.3 ´ðËÜÅª»»½Ñ±é»»

3.3.1 ¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ëµ¬Â§

3.3.2 Ì¾Á°¤ÎÅÁÇÅ

3.3.3 ¼¡¸µÂ°À

3.3.4 NA ¤Î½èÍý

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3.3.1 ¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ëµ¬Â§

¤â¤·°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¿ô¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤ò»ý¤ÄÆó¤Ä¤Î¹½Â¤¤ÎÏÂ¤ò¼è¤í¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢ Ã»¤¤Êý¤¬ºÇ¤âÄ¹¤¤Êý¤ÎÄ¹¤µ¤Þ¤Ç¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ë»ÈÍÑ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢ Îã¤¨¤Ð¤â¤· c(1, 2, 3) ¤ò6¤Ä¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Î¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ë²Ã¤¨¤ë¤È¡¢ ¼ÂºÝ¤Ï c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3) ¤ò²Ã¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£¤â¤·Ä¹¤¤Êý¤Î ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÎÄ¹¤µ¤¬Ã»¤¤Êý¤ÎÄ¹¤µ¤ÎÇÜ¿ô¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤È¡¢·Ù¹ð¤¬½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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3.3.2 Ì¾Á°¤ÎÅÁÇÅ

Ì¾Á°¤ÎÅÁÇÅ (ºÇ½é¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬¾¡¼Ô¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¢¤È»×¤¦¡£¤â¤·¤½¤ì¤¬Ì¾Á°¤ò »ý¤¿¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð?? ---- *Ì¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä* ºÇ½é¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬¾¡¼Ô¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ëµ¬Â§¤Ï Ã»¤¤Êý¤¬Ì¾Á°¤ò¼º¤¦¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¹¤ë)

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3.3.3 ¼¡¸µÂ°À

(¹ÔÎóÆ±»Î¤ÎÏÂ¤Ç¤Ï¼¡¸µ¤¬°ìÃ×¤¹¤ëÉ¬Í×¡£¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤È¹ÔÎó¤ÎÏÂ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤¬¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ë »ÈÍÑ¤µ¤ì¡¢¼¡¸µ¤¬Å¬¹ç¤¹¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¸¡ºº¤µ¤ì¡¢¤â¤·Å¬¹ç¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¥¨¥é¡¼¤È¤Ê¤ë)

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3.3.4 NA ¤Î½èÍý

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3.4 Åº»úÁàºî

R ¤Ë¤ÏÅº»ú¤ÎÁàºî¤Ë¤è¤ê¸ÄÊÌ¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç¤Ë¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤¹¤ë ¤³¤È¤òµö¤¹¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Îµ¡¹½¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£´ðËÜ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë·¿¤Ç¤Ï i-ÈÖÌÜ¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï x[i] ¤ÇÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢¤Þ¤¿¥ê¥¹¥È¡¢¹ÔÎó¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ Â¿¼¡¸µÇÛÎó¤âÅº»úÁàºî¤Ç¤¤ë¡£Ã±°ì¤ÎÀ°¿ô¤Ë¤è¤ëÅº»úÁàºî¤Ë²Ã¤¨¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î Åº»úÁàºî¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

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x[i] x[i, j] x[[i]] x[[i, j]] x$a x$"a"

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3.4.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ë¤è¤ëÅº»úÁàºî

3.4.2 ¹ÔÎó¤ÈÇÛÎó¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî

3.4.3 Â¾¤Î¹½Â¤¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî

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3.4.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ë¤è¤ëÅº»úÁàºî

R ¤Ë¤Ï¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤òÅº»ú¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤¦¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¶¯ÎÏ¤Ê¹½À®Ë¡¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ Ã±½ã¤Ê¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî¤òºÇ½é¤ËµÄÏÀ¤·¤è¤¦¡£ Ã±½ã¤Î¤¿¤á¤ËÉ½¸½¤Ï x[i] ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤·¤è¤¦¡£¤½¤¦¤¹¤ë¤È i ¤Î·¿¤Ë±þ¤¸¤Æ °Ê²¼¤Î²ÄÇ½À¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£

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3.4.2 ¹ÔÎó¤ÈÇÛÎó¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî

Â¿¼¡¸µ¹½Â¤¤ÎÉôÊ¬½¸¹çÃê½Ð¤Ï°ìÈÌÅª¤Ë¡¢names ¤ÎÂå¤ï¤ê¤Ë dimnames ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤òÍÑ¤¤¤¿¡¢ ³ÆÅº»úÊÑ¿ô¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë°ì¼¡¸µÅº»úÁàºî¤ÈÆ±¤¸µ¬Â§¤Ë½¾¤¦¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÆÃ¼ìµ¬Â§¤¬Å¬ÍÑ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

ÉáÄÌ¡¢°ì¤Ä¤Î¹½Â¤¤Ï¤½¤Î¼¡¸µ¤ËÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÅº»ú¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤éËôÃ±ÆÈ¤ÎÅº»ú¤ò»È¤¦¤³¤È¤â²ÄÇ½¤Ç¡¢¤½¤Î»þ¤Ï dim ¤È dimnames Â°À¤Ï Ìµ»ë¤µ¤ì¡¢·ë²Ì¤Ï¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï c(m)[i] ¤Î¤½¤ì¤ÈÆ±¤¸¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£ m[1] ¤ÏÉáÄÌ m[1, ] ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï m[, 1] ¤È¤«¤Ê¤ê°ã¤¦¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£

> m <- matrix(1:4, 2) > m [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 3 [2,] 2 4 > i <- matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 2), 2, byrow = TRUE) > i [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 1 [2,] 2 2 > m[i] [1] 1 4

Ã±°ì¤ÎÅº»ú¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤â¹ÔÎóÅº»ú¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤â¡¢ names Â°À¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢¹½Â¤¤¬°ì¼¡¸µ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»ÈÍÑ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ »°¼¡¸µ¹ÔÎó¤«¤éÎã¤¨¤Ð m[2, , ] ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ÆÃ±°ì¤ÎÀÚÊÒ¤òÁª¤Ó½Ð¤¹¾ì¹ç¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢ ¤â¤·Åº»úÁàºî¤Ë¤è¤ê·ë²Ì¤¬¤¢¤ëÊý¸þ¤ËÄ¹¤µ 1 ¤ò»ý¤Ä¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ì¤Ð¡¢ÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¼¡¸µ¤Ï°ìÈÌ¤Ë·ë²Ì¤«¤é¼è¤ê½ü¤«¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤·°ì¼¡¸µ¤Î¹½Â¤¤¬·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ì¤Ð¡¢·ë²Ì¤Ï¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¹¥¤Þ¤·¤¯¤Ê¤¯¡¢Åº»úÁàºî¤Ë `drop = FALSE' ¤òÉÕ¤±²Ã¤¨¤ì¤ÐÌµ¸ú¤Ë¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï´Ø¿ô [ ¤Ø¤ÎÄÉ²Ã¤Î°ú¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Åº»ú¤Ë¤Ï±Æ¶Á¤·¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£ ½¾¤Ã¤Æ¤¢¤ë¹ÔÎó¤ÎÂè°ì¹Ô¤ò 1 ³Ý¤±¤ë n ¹ÔÎó¤È¤·¤ÆÁªÂò¤¹¤ëÀµ¤·¤¤¤ä¤êÊý¤Ï m[1, , drop=FALSE] ¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£¼¡¸µ¤ò¼è¤êµî¤ëµ¡Ç½¤òÌµ¸ú¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤òËº¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¢ Åº»ú¤¬»þ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤·¤«¤·°ìÈÌ¤Ë¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯Ä¹¤µ 1 ¤ò»ý¤ÄÅº»ú¤ò»ý¤Ä°ìÈÌÅª¤Ê¥µ¥Ö¥ë¡¼¥Á¥ó¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë ÎÉ¤¯¤¢¤ë¼ºÇÔ¤Î¸¶°ø¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

°ì¼¡¸µ¤ÎÇÛÎó¤Ï dim ¤È dimnames Â°À¤ò»ý¤Ä(¤È¤â¤ËÄ¹¤µ 1)ÅÀ¤Ç¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤È¤Ï °Û¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£¤³¤¦¤·¤¿¹½Â¤¤ÏÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç¼è¤ê½Ð¤·±é»»¤Ç¤ÏÍÆ°×¤ËÆÀ¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢ ÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë¹½À®¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ dimnames ¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï¤½¤ì¼«¿ÈÌ¾Á°¤ò¤â¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë°ìÊý¡¢ names Â°À¤Ï¤½¤¦¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤¿¤á¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï»þ¡¹Ìò¤ËÎ©¤Ä¡£

m[FALSE, ] ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê±é»»¤Ï¼¡¸µ¤¬¥¼¥í¤Î¹½Â¤¤òºî¤ê½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ R ¤Ï¤³¤¦¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤òÃí°Õ¿¼¤¯½èÍý¤¹¤ë¤è¤¦¤ËÅØ¤á¤ë¡£

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3.4.3 Â¾¤Î¹½Â¤¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî

±é»»¤· [ ¤ÏÁí¾ÎÅª¤Ê´Ø¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¥¯¥é¥¹Ëè¤Ë¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò²Ã¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢ ±é»»¤· $ ¤È [[ ¤âÆ±ÍÍ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ Ç¤°Õ¤Î¹½Â¤¤ËÂÐ¤·¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼ÄêµÁ¤ÎÅº»ú±é»»»Ò¤òÄêµÁ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤½¤¦¤·¤¿´Ø¿ô¡¢Îã¤¨¤Ð [.foo¡¢¤Ï´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤½¤ÎºÇ½é¤Ï Åº»ú½èÍý¤µ¤ì¤ë¹½Â¤¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢»Ä¤ê¤ÏÅº»ú¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ $ ¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ÏÅº»ú°ú¿ô¤Ï x$"abc" ·Á¼°¤ò»È¤¦¾ì¹ç¤â ¥â¡¼¥É "symbol" ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

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3.4.4 ÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç»ØÄê

(ÌõÃí¡§¤³¤ÎÉôÊ¬¤ÏÌ¤´°À®)

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3.5 ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

R ¤Ï¥Ñ¥¹¥«¥ë¤ÈÆ±ÍÍ ¼½ñ¼°¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¥â¥Ç¥ë¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é R ¤Ï ´Ø¿ô¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°¸À¸ì ¤Ç¤¢¤ê ´Ø¿ô¤È¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÆ°Åª¤Ë¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤òµö¤·¡¢¤³¤Î»ö¼Â¤ò È¿±Ç¤·ÄÉ²ÃÅª¤ÊÆÃÄ§¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

3.5.1 Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶

3.5.2 ¼½ñ¼°´Ä¶

3.5.3 ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯

3.5.4 ¸¡º÷¥Ñ¥¹

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3.5.1 Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶

Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶¤Ï¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤Îºî¶È¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤Î´ðÁÃ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Ì¿Îá¹Ô¤«¤éÂåÆþ±é»»¤òÆþÎÏ¤¹¤ë¤ÈÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶¤ËÂ°¤¹¤ë¡£

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3.5.2 ¼½ñ¼°´Ä¶

ÊÄÊñ ("function" ¥â¡¼¥É) ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¬¤½¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Î°ìÉôÊ¬¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿ ´Ä¶¤ò´Þ¤à¡£(´ûÄê¤Ç¤Ï¡£´Ä¶¤Ï environment<- ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ÆÁàºî¤Ç¤¤ë)¡£ ¤½¤ì¤«¤é´Ø¿ô¤¬Â³¤¤¤Æ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¡¢¤½¤ÎÉ¾²Á´Ä¶¤Ï¤½¤ÎÄêµÁ´Ä¶Ãæ¤ËÆþ¤ì»Ò¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Â¦¤Î´Ä¶¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤Ï¸Â¤é¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£

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3.5.3 ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯

ÊÑ¿ô¤ÎÃÍ¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯·ÐÍ³¤ÇÆÀ¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÉáÄÌÆ°Åª¤Ê¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ÎºÝ¤¢¤ëÊÑ¿ô¤Ï¤½¤Î(»þ´ÖÅª¤Ë)Ä¾¶á¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Ç·èÄê¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ R ¤Î´ûÄê¤Î¥¹¥³¡¼¥×µ¬Â§¤Ï¼½ñ¼°¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢Æ°Åª¤Ê¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤¬ËÜ¼ÁÅª¤Ê ¾ì¹ç¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

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sys.frame: »ØÄê¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸Ì®¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÉ¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.nframe: Á´¤Æ¤Î³èÆ°Åª¤ÊÊ¸Ì®¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë´Ä¶¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.function: »ØÄê¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸Ì®Ãæ¤Çµ¯Æ°¤µ¤ì¤¿´Ø¿ô¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.parent: ¸½ºß¤Î´Ø¿ôµ¯Æ°¤Î¿Æ¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.calls: Á´¤Æ¤Î³èÆ°Åª¤ÊÊ¸Ì®¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.frames: Á´¤Æ¤Î³èÆ°Åª¤ÊÊ¸Ì®¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÉ¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.parents: Á´¤Æ¤Î³èÆ°Åª¤ÊÊ¸Ì®¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÌ¾Á°¥é¥Ù¥ë¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£
sys.on.exit: »ØÄê¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸Ì®¤¬³èÀ²½¤µ¤ì¤¿»þ¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë´Ø¿ô¤òÀßÄê¤¹¤ë¡£
sys.status: sys.frames, sys.parents ¤½¤·¤Æ sys.calls ¤Ø¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¡£
parent.frame: »ØÄê¤µ¤ì¤¿¿ÆÊ¸Ì®¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÉ¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤òÆÀ¤ë¡£

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3.5.4 ¸¡º÷¥Ñ¥¹

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4. ´Ø¿ô

4.1 ´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¯

4.2 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

4.3 É¾²Á

4.4 ÊÄÊñ

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4.1 ´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¯

R ¤Ï¤Þ¤¿¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤¬ºî¤Ã¤¿´Ø¿ô¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÀâÌÀ¤òÍÆ°×¤Ë²Ã¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ëµ¡Ç½¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£ See section `Writing R documentation' in Writing R Extensions.

4.1.1 ¹½Ê¸¤ÈÎã

4.1.2 °ú¿ô

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4.1.1 ¹½Ê¸¤ÈÎã

´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¯¹½Ê¸¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë

function ( °ú¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È ) ´Ø¿ôËÜÂÎ

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°ú¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ï·Á¼°Åª¤Ê°ú¿ô¤ò¥³¥ó¥Þ¤Ç¶èÀÚ¤Ã¤ÆÊÂ¤Ù¤¿¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô¤Ï¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¡¢ `symbol = expression' ¤ÎÊ¸¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÆÃ¼ì·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô `...' ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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4.1.2 °ú¿ô

°ú¿ô¤Î´ûÄêÃÍ¤òÆÃ¼ì¤Ê·Á¼° `name = expression' ¤Ç»ØÄê¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢¤â¤·¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤¬´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎºÝ¤ËÃÍ¤ò»ØÄê¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¤³¤ÎÉ½¸½¤¬ ÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¤â¤·ÃÍ¤¬É¬Í×¤Ê¤é expression ¤¬´Ø¿ô¤ÎÉ¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à Ãæ¤ÇÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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4.2 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

R ¤Ç¤Ï´Ø¿ô¤Ï»°¤Ä¤ÎÉôÊ¬¤«¤éÀ®¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ´Ø¿ôËÜÂÎ¡¢·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô ¤½¤·¤Æ ´Ä¶ ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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4.3 É¾²Á

4.3.1 É¾²Á´Ä¶

4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç

4.3.3 °ú¿ôÉ¾²Á

4.3.4 ¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

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4.3.1 É¾²Á´Ä¶

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4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç

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°ì¤Ä¤Ç¤âÌ¤¾È¹ç¤Î°ú¿ô¤¬¤¢¤ì¤Ð¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬Àë¸À¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

°ú¿ô¾È¹ç¤Ï´Ø¿ô match.arg, match.call ¤½¤·¤Æ match.fun ¤Ë¤è¤ê²þÁ±¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ R ¤¬ÍÑ¤¤¤ëÉôÊ¬Åª¾È¹ç¥¢¥ë¥´¥ê¥º¥à¤Ø¤Ï pmatch ·ÐÍ³¤Ç¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

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4.3.3 °ú¿ôÉ¾²Á

R ¤Ï°ì¼ï¤Î´Ø¿ô°ú¿ô¤ÎÃÙ±äÉ¾²Á¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£°ú¿ô¤ÏÉ¬Í×¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Þ¤ÇÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£ ¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È°ú¿ô¤Ï·è¤·¤ÆÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤òÃÎ¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï½ÅÍ×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¢´Ø¿ô¤Ø¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò°¿¤ë¼ï¤ÎÉûºîÍÑ¤òµ¯¤³¤¹¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¹¥¤Þ¤·¤¯¤Ê¤¤ ¤ä¤êÊý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£C ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¸À¸ì¤Ç¤Ï foo(x = y) ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿·Á¼°¤ò °ú¿ô foo ¤òÃÍ y ¤Çµ¯Æ°¤¹¤ë¤ÈÆ±»þ¤Ë y ¤ÎÃÍ¤ò x ¤ËÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë »È¤¦¤³¤È¤ÏÉáÄÌ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢R ¤Ç¤Ï¤³¤ì¤Ï¤³¤Î°ú¿ô¤¬É¬¤ºÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëÊÝ¾Ú¤¬Ìµ¤¯¡¢½¾¤Ã¤Æ ÂåÆþ¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤«¤âÃÎ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¿¤á¤¿¤á»È¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£

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function(x, label = deparse(x)) { label x <- x + 1 print(label) }

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4.3.4 ¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

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´ÊÃ±¤ÊÎã¤ò¤¢¤²¤ë¡§

f <- function(x) { y <- 10 g <- function(x) x + y return(g) } h <- f() h(3)

h(3) ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëºÝ¡¢¤½¤ÎËÜÂÎ¤¬ g ¤Î¤½¤ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ë¡£. ¤½¤ÎËÜÂÎÃæ¤Ç¤Ï x ¤È y ¤ÏÌ¤¹´Â«¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¼½ñ¼°¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤ò»ý¤Ä¸À¸ì¤Ç¤Ï x ¤ÏÃÍ 3 ¤Ë¡¢y ¤ÏÃÍ 10 ¤Ë·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤é¤ì¡¢¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ h() ¤ÏÃÍ 13 ¤òÊÖ¤¹¤Ï¤º¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤¬¼ÂºÝ R ¤Çµ¯¤³¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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4.4 ÊÄÊñ

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5. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

¤³¤Î¾Ï¤Ç¤Ï¤³¤Î°ìÈÌÅª¤ÊÀïÎ¬¤¬¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë R ¤Ç¼Â¸½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤È¡¢ ¸½ºß¤Î¥Ç¥¶¥¤¥ó¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë´ö¤Ä¤«¤ÎÀ©¸Â¤ËÉÕ¤¤¤Æ¤ËµÄÏÀ¤¹¤ë¡£ ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬»ý¤ÄÍøÅÀ¤Î°ì¤Ä¤Ï¤è¤êÂç¤¤Ê°ì´ÓÀ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥é¡¼¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¡¼¤¬¹Ô¤¦¸¡ºº¤Îµ¬Â§¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¼Â¸½¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ÉÔ¹¬¤Ë¤â¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬ R ¤Ë°Ü¿¢¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë»ÅÁÈ¤ß¤«¤é¤³¤ÎÍøÅÀ¤Ï ÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤Ï¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤ÆÄ¾ÀÜ»È¤ï¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð ¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£¤«¤Ê¤ê¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î·ÝÅö¤ò¹Ô¤¦¤³¤È¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢ ¤³¤ì¤ÏÉÔÌÀÎÆ¤Ê¥³¡¼¥É¤òÀ¸¤ß¤ä¤¹¤¯¡¢É¬¤º¤·¤â¼Â¸½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤°Ü¿¢¤Î¾ÜºÙ¤Ë°ÍÂ¸¤¹¤ë²ÄÇ½À¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

R ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°¤ÎºÇÂç¤ÎÍøÍÑ¤Ï print ¥á¥Ã¥½¥É¡¢summary ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ plot ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò ÄÌ¤¸¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ÏÁí¾ÎÅª¤Ê´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¡¢Îã¤¨¤Ð plot¡¢ ¤òÍøÍÑ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ò²ÄÇ½¤Ë¤·¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¤½¤Î°ú¿ô¤Î·¿¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤Æ¼êÇÛ¤ò¹Ô¤¤¡¢Äó¶¡¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ë¸ÇÍ¤Î ¥×¥í¥Ã¥È´Ø¿ô¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤¹¡£

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5.1 ÄêµÁ

5.2 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¥á¥Ã¥½¥É

5.3 ¥á¥Ã¥½¥É¤ò½ñ¤¯

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5.1 ÄêµÁ

´°Á´¤Ê¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤ÎÂå¤ï¤ê¤Ë R ¤Ï¥¯¥é¥¹¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¥á¥Ã¥½¥É»ØÌ¾(6) ¤Îµ¡¹½¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥×¥ê¥¿¥³¡¼¥É¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë»ØÌ¾µ¡¹½¤ÏÉ¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤ËÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤¿»Í¤Ä¤Î ÆÃ¼ì¤Ê¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ë°ÍÂ¸¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÆÃ¼ì¤Ê¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï .Generic, .Class, .Method ¤½¤·¤Æ .Group ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤É¤³¤«Â¾¤ÇµÄÏÀ¤µ¤ì¤ëÆâÉôÅª¤Ê´Ø¿ô¤È·¿¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤ëÊÌ¸Ä¤Î»ØÌ¾µ¡¹½¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

¥¯¥é¥¹¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï class Â°À¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤òÄÌ¤¸¤Æattribute. ¤³¤ÎÂ°À¤Ï¥¯¥é¥¹Ì¾¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥¯¥é¥¹ "foo" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òºî¤ê½Ð¤¹¤Ë¤Ï Ê¸»úÎó `"foo"' ¤òÆâÉô¤Ë»ý¤Ä¥¯¥é¥¹Â°À¤òÃ±¤ËÉÕ²Ã¤¹¤ì¤ÐÎÉ¤¤¡£ ¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¢»ö¼Â¾å¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬¥¯¥é¥¹ "foo" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

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> mean function (x, ...) UseMethod("mean")

mean ¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤ÏÇ¤°Õ¸Ä¿ô¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤ÎºÇ½é¤Î°ú¿ô¤Ï ÆÃ¼ì¤Ç¡¢¤½¤ÎºÇ½é¤Î°ú¿ô¤¬¤É¤Î¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò»È¤¦¤«¤ò·è¤á¤ë¤Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£ ÊÑ¿ô .Class ¤¬ x ¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹Â°À¤ËÀßÄê¤µ¤ì .Generic ¤ÏÊ¸»úÎó "mean" ¤ËÀßÄê¤µ¤ì¡¢µ¯Æ°¤¹¤Ù¤Àµ¤·¤¤¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤òÃµº÷¤¹¤ë¡£mean ¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÂ¾¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤Î°ú¿ô¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹Â°À ¤ÏÌµ»ë¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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5.2 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¥á¥Ã¥½¥É

`Math': abs, acos, acosh, asin, asinh, atan, atanh, ceiling, cos, cosh, cumsum, exp, floor, gamma, lgamma, log, log10, round, signif, sin, sinh, tan, tanh, trunc
`Summary': all, any, max, min, prod, range, sum
`Ops': +, -, *, /, ^, < , >, <=, >=, !=, ==, %%, %\%, &, |, !

¤â¤· ¥°¥ë¡¼¥× ¤¬ Ops ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢ÆÃ¼ìÊÑ¿ô .Method ¤ÏÆó¤Ä¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤ò»ý¤ÄÊ¸»úÎó¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ .Method ¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï¡¢¤â¤·ÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë°ú¿ô¤¬¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò·èÄê¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤¿¥¯¥é¥¹¤Î¥á¥ó¥Ð¡¼¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢ ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ÎÌ¾Á°¤Ë¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð .Method ¤ÎÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ëÍ×ÁÇ¤ÏÄ¹¤µ¥¼¥í¤ÎÊ¸»úÎó "" ¤Ë¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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5.3 ¥á¥Ã¥½¥É¤ò½ñ¤¯

¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ÏÄ¾ÀÜ¤Ë¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤»¤ë¤³¤È¤ò³Ð¤¨¤Æ¤ª¤¯¤³¤È¤Ï²ÁÃÍ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï UseMethod ¤òÍ½¤á»È¤¦¤³¤ÈÌµ¤¯ÆþÎÏ¤Ç¤¡¢¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ ÆÃ¼ìÊÑ¿ô .Generic, .Class ¤½¤·¤Æ .Method ¤¬ÆÃÄê¤ÎÃÍ¤òÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ò °ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¾å¤ËÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤¿´ûÄê¤Îµ¬Â§¤¬¤³¤ì¤é¤ò·èÄê¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£

ºÇ¤âÉáÄÌ¤ÎÁí¾ÎÅª´Ø¿ô¤Î»ÈÍÑ¤Ï¡¢¤¢¤ë¥â¥Ç¥ëÅö¤Æ¤Ï¤á²áÄø¤Î½ÐÎÏ¤Ç¤¢¤ëÅý·×Åª¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë print ¤½¤·¤Æ summary ¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤ò¹Ô¤¦¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢³Æ¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ï ¤½¤Î½ÐÎÏ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¥¯¥é¥¹Â°À¤òÉÕÍ¿¤·¡¢¤½¤ì¤«¤é¤½¤Î½ÐÎÏ¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤ê¡¢¤½¤ÎÅ¬Àµ¤Ê²ÄÆÉÈÇ¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ëÆÃ¼ì¤Ê¥á¥½¥Ã¥É¤ò Äó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£¤½¤¦¤¹¤ë¤È¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤Ï print ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï summary ¤¬Ç¤°Õ¤Î²òÀÏ·ë²Ì¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë Å¬Àµ¤Ê½ÐÎÏ¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¤³¤È¤À¤±¤ò³Ð¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤¡£

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6. ¸À¸ì¼«ÂÎ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

R ¤Ï¥µ¥Ö¥ë¡¼¥Á¥ó¤¬Â¾¤Î¥µ¥Ö¥ë¡¼¥Á¥ó¤ò½¤Àµ¤·¤¿¤ê¹½À®¤·¤¿¤ê¤Ç¤¡¢¤½¤Î·ë²Ì¤ò¸À¸ì¼«ÂÎ¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ë°ìÉôÊ¬¤È¤·¤ÆÉ¾²Á¤Ç¤¤ë Ç½ÎÏ¤ò»ý¤Ä¤è¤¦¤Ê°ì·²¤Î¸À¸ì¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹¤ËÂ°¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï Lisp ¤ä Scheme ¤½¤·¤Æ"´Ø¿ô¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°"¸À¸ì¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë Â¾¤Î¸À¸ì¤ËÎà»÷¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢FORTRN¤äALGOLÉ÷¸À¸ì¤È¤Ï°ìÀþ¤ò²è¤¹¡£ LispÉ÷¸À¸ìÂ²¤Ï¡¢¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤È¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Î´Ö¤Ë°ìÀÚ¤Î¶èÊÌ¤¬Ìµ¤¤"Á´¤Æ¤¬¥ê¥¹¥È"¤È¤¤¤¦¥Ñ¥é¥À¥¤¥à¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢ ¤³¤ÎÆÃÄ§¤òºÇº¸Íã¤Ë°ÌÃÖ¤¹¤ë¡£

É½¸½¼°¤ÎÆ³´Ø¿ô¤ò·×»»¤·¤¿¤ê¡¢·¸¿ô¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤«¤éÂ¿¹à¼°¤òÀ¸À®¤·¤¿¤ê¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¡¢¤³¤Îµ¡Ç½¤Î´ö¤Ä¤«¤ÎÉ¸½àÅª ±þÍÑ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤Þ¤¿ R ¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥×¥ê¥¿ÉôÊ¬¤ÎÆ°ºî¤Ë¤È¤ê¤è¤ê´ðËÜÅª¤Ê»ÈÍÑË¡¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Î´ö¤Ä¤«¤Ï¡¢´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î¥â¥Ç¥ê¥ó¥°¡¦¥×¥í¥Ã¥È¥ë¡¼¥Á¥óÃæ¤Ç¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë model.frame ¤Ø¤Î ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·(·è¤·¤Æ¼êºÝÎÉ¤¤¤È¤Ï¤¤¤¨¤Ê¤¤¤«¤âÃÎ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬)¤Ë±÷¤±¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢´Ø¿ô¤òÂ¾¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Î°ìÉôÊ¬¤È¤·¤ÆºÆ»ÈÍÑ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËËÜ¼ÁÅª¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ÊÌ¤Î»ÈÍÑË¡¤ÏÃ±¤ËÍÍÑ¤Êµ¡Ç½¤Ø¤Î¥¨¥ì¥¬¥ó¥È¤Ê¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ °ìÎã¤È¤·¤Æ curve ´Ø¿ô¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï sin(x) ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿É½¸½¼°¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿´Ø¿ô¤Î¥°¥é¥Õ¤ò½ñ¤¤¤¿¤ê¡¢ ¿ô³ØÅªÉ½¸½¼°¤Î¥×¥í¥Ã¥È¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëµ¡Ç½¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¡£

6.1 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÄ¾ÀÜÅªÁàºî

6.2 ÂåÆþ

6.3 É¾²Á¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄÉ²Ã

6.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÉ¾²Á

6.5 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎÁàºî

6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

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6.1 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÄ¾ÀÜÅªÁàºî

ÊÑ¹¹¤ËÂÐ¤·¤ÆÍøÍÑ¤Ç¤¤ë»°¼ïÎà¤Î¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·(call)¡¢É½¸½¼°(expression)¤½¤·¤Æ´Ø¿ô(function)¡¢¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ï¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ë¤Î¤ßÃíÌÜ¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð"Ì¤É¾²ÁÉ½¸½¼°"¤È¤â¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢¤³¤ÎÉ½¸½¤Ï¾¯¡¹º®Íð¤ò¾·¤¯¡£ ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÆÀ¤ëºÇ¤âÄ¾ÀÜÅª¤ÊÊýË¡¤Ï quote ¤òÉ½¸½¼°°ú¿ô¤ÇÍÑ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢

> e1 <- quote(2 + 2) > e2 <- quote(plot(x, y))

°ú¿ô¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤º¡¢·ë²Ì¤ÏÃ±¤Ë¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿°ú¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È e1 ¤È e2 ¤Ï¸å¤Ç eval ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤ë¤«¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÃ±¤Ë¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤È¤·¤Æ °·¤¦¤³¤È¤ÇÉ¾²Á¤Ç¤¤ë¡£¶²¤é¤¯¤Ê¤¼ e2 ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬¥â¡¼¥É "call" ¤ò»ý¤Ä¤«¤Ï¡¢ ¤½¤ì¤¬¤¢¤ë°ú¿ô¤òÈ¼¤Ã¤¿ plot ´Ø¿ô¤Ø¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ò´Þ¤à¤Î¤Ç¡¢¤¹¤°¤µ¤ÞÍý²ò¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é e1 ¤Ï¡¢¼¡¤ÎÎã¤ÇÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤ÏÆó¤Ä¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤ÄÆó¹à±é»»»Ò + ¤Ø¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È Á´¤¯Æ±¤¸¹½Â¤¤ò¤â¤Ä¡£

¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È-É÷¤Î¹½Ê¸¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¼ÂºÝ as.list ¤È as.call ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ø¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¥ê¥¹¥È¤«¤éÊÑ´¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

> e2[[1]] plot > e2[[2]] x > e2[[3]] y

> e3 <- quote(plot(x = age, y = weight)) > e3$x age > e3$y weight

Àè¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ï¥â¡¼¥É "name" ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Ãæ¤Î¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¤Ï¿¿¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ï¤Þ¤¿Äê¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¯¡¢¤½¤ì¤ÏÇ¡²¿¤Ê¤ë·¿¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤â ÎÉ¤¤¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¬À®¸ùÎ£¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤ÏºÇ½é¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤Ï´Ø¿ô¡¢¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÉûÉ½¸½¼°¤ËÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ëÂ¾¤Î ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¡¢¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤Û¤¦¤¬¹¥¤Þ¤·¤¤¡£ ¥â¡¼¥ÉÌ¾¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÏÊ¸»úÎó¤«¤é as.name ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¹½À®¤Ç¤¡¢¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ e2 ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È ¤ò¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½¤Àµ¤Ç¤¤ë

> e2[[1]] <- as.name("+") > e2 x + y

> e1[[2]] <- e2 > e1 x + y + 2

> e1 <- quote(4 - 2) > e1[[3]] <- quote(2 - 2) # replacing the `2' > e1 4 - 2 - 2

e1 ¤Ï¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ïº¸Ï¢·ëµ¬Â§¤¬¼¨º¶¤¹¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë 4 - (2 - 2) ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ (4 - 2) - 2 ¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤òÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤È¼«¤º¤«¤éÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¤Ê¤ë

> eval(e1) [1] 4

ÆþÎÏÃæ¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤Î¥°¥ë¡¼¥Ô¥ó¥°ÍÑ³ç¸Ì¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°Ãæ¤ËÊÝÂ¸¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤½¤ì¤é¤ÏÃ±°ì¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Ä´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È¤·¤ÆÉ½¸½¤µ¤ì¡¢¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ 4 - (2 - 2) ¤ÏÁ°ÃÖÉ½µ¤Ç "-"(4, "(" ("-"(2, 2))) ¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£

¤³¤ì¤Ï¾¯¡¹ÉÔ¹¬¤Ê¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤ÎÆþÎÏ¤òÊÝÂ¸¤·¡¢¤½¤ì¤òºÇ¾®¤Î·Á¼°¤ÇÊÝ´É¤·¡¢µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤ò¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ ¤¹¤ë¤ÈÁ°¤ÈÆ±¤¸É½¸½¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê¡¢¹½Ê¸¡¦µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤ò½ñ¤¯¤³¤È¤Ï°×¤·¤¯¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£

> deparse(quote(c(1, 2))) [1] "c(1, 2)" > deparse(1:2) [1] "c(1, 2)" > quote("-"(2, 2)) 2 - 2 > quote(2 - 2) 2 - 2

¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é, ¹½Ê¸¡¦µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤Ï´ðËÜÅª¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¤Ï¤«¤Ê¤êÍ¥¤ì¤¿»Å»ö¤ò¤¹¤ë¡£

...Î®¤ìÀ©¸æ¹½Â¤Êª¤ÎÆâÉôÊÝ´É... Splus ¤È¤ÎÈó¸ß´¹À¤òÃí°Õ¤¹¤ë...

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6.2 ÂåÆþ

¼ÂºÝ¤ÏÀè¤ÎÀá¤Ë±÷¤±¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê¤¢¤ëÉ½¸½¼°¤ÎÆâÍÆ¤ò½¤Àµ¤·¤¿¤¯¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤½¤ó¤Ê¤ËÂ¿¤¯¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£ ¤è¤êÂ¿¤¯¤Ï¡¢µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤·¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¤½¤ì¤òÎã¤¨¤Ð¥×¥í¥Ã¥È¤Î¥é¥Ù¥ë¤Ë»È¤¦¤¿¤á¤ËÃ±¤ËÉ½¸½¼°¤ò ÆÀ¤¿¤¤¤³¤È¤ÎÊý¤¬Â¿¤¤¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Î°ì¤Ä¤ÎÎã¤Ï plot.default ¤ÎºÇ½é¤ÎÉôÊ¬¤Ç¸«¤é¤ì¤ë:

xlabel <- if (!missing(x)) deparse(substitute(x))

¤³¤ì¤Ï plot ¤Î x °ú¿ô¤È¤·¤ÆÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿ÊÑ¿ô¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¤ò ¸å¤Ç x-¼´¤Î¥é¥Ù¥ë¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤¨¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡£

¤³¤ì¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë´Ø¿ô¤Ï substitute ¤Ç¡¢É½¸½¼° x ¤ò°ú¿ô¤Ë¼è¤ê¡¢ ·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô x ¤òÄÌ¤¸¤Æ°ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤òÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤¬¤¦¤Þ¤¯Æ¯¤¯¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï x ¤Ï¤½¤ÎÃÍ¤ò¤Ä¤¯¤ê½Ð¤·¤¿É½¸½¼°¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¾ðÊó¤òÈ÷¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò Ãí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï R ¤ÎÃÙ±äÉ¾²Áµ¡¹½(@xref{Í½Ìó¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È})¤È´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ ·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô¤Ï¼ÂºÝ¤ÏÆó¤Ä¤Î¥¹¥í¥Ã¥È¤ò»ý¤ÄÍ½Ìó¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢°ì¤Ä¤Ï¤½¤ì¤òÄêµÁ¤¹¤ëÉ½¸½¼°ÍÑ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ ¤â¤¦°ì¤Ä¤Ï¤½¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ÎÃÍÍÑ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£substitute ¤ÏÍ½ÌóÊÑ¿ô¤òÇ§¼±¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¥¹¥í¥Ã¥È¤ÎÃÍ¤ò ÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¡£¤â¤· substitute ¤¬¤¢¤ë´Ø¿ô¤ÎÆâÉô¤Çµ¯Æ°¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢¤½¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Î¶É½ê°ú¿ô¤Ï Æ±ÍÍ¤ËÂåÆþ¤ÎÂÐ¾Ý¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£

substitute ¤Ø¤Î°ú¿ô¤ÏÃ±½ã¤Ê¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤Ç¤¢¤ëÉ¬Í×¤ÏÌµ¤¯¡¢Ê£¿ô¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤ò´Þ¤àÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤ÆÎÉ¤¯¡¢ ÂåÆþ¤Ï¤³¤ì¤é¤Î³Æ¡¹¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æµ¯¤³¤ë¡£¤Þ¤¿ substitute ¤ÏÄÉ²Ã¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤³¤ì¤ÏÊÑ¿ô¤¬¤½¤ÎÃæ¤Ç¸¡º÷¤µ¤ì¤ë ´Ä¶¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤ÆÎÉ¤¤¡£

> substitute(a + b, list(a = 1, b = quote(x))) 1 + x

x ¤òÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï°úÍÑ²½¤¬É¬Í×¤Ê¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£¤³¤Î¼ï¤Î¹½À®Ë¡¤Ï¡¢¼¡¤ÎÎã¤¬¼¨¤¹¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢ ¥°¥é¥ÕÃæ¤Ë¿ô³ØÅªÉ½¸½¤òÃÖ¤¯¤¿¤á¤Îµ¡Ç½¤È¤È¤Î´ØÏ¢¤ÇÊØÍø¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£

> plot(0) > for (i in 1:4) + text(1, 0.2 * i, + substitute(x[ix] == y, list(ix = i, y = pnorm(i))))

ÂåÆþ¤Ï½ã¿è¤Ë¸ì×ÃÅª¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÅÍ×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¨ ·ë²Ì¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤¿¤È¤°ÕÌ£¤ò¤Ê¤¹¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤Ï¸¡ºº¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£ substitute(x <- x + 1, list(x = 2)) ¤ÏÌµ¼Ùµ¤¤Ë 2 <- 2 + 1 ¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é R ¤Î°ìÉôÊ¬¤Ï²¿¤¬°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Ä¤«¡¦»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¤«¤ËÉÕ¤¤¤ÆÆÈ¼«¤Îµ¬Â§¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢ ¤½¤¦¤·¤¿ÉÔÀ°¹ç¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤ò¼ÂºÝ¤Ë»È¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤«¤âÃÎ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£ ¤¿¤È¤¨¤Ð"¥°¥é¥ÕÃæ¤Î¿ô¼°"µ¡Ç½¤Ï `{}>=40*" years"' ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¡¢¹½Ê¸Åª¤Ë¤ÏÀµ³Î¤À¤¬ É¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤ÈÌµ°ÕÌ£¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¹½À®¤ò¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð´Þ¤à¡£

ÂåÆþ¤Ï¤½¤ÎºÇ½é¤Î°ú¿ô¤òÉ¾²Á¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÊÑ¿ôÃæ¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ËÂÐ¤·ÂåÆþ¤ò¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤·¤Æ ¹Ô¤¦¤«¤È¤¤¤¦¥Ñ¥º¥ë¤ò¤â¤¿¤é¤¹¡£²ò·èË¡¤Ï¼¡¤ÎÎã¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë substitute ¤ò¤â¤¦°ìÅÙ»È¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë

> expr <- quote(x + y) > substitute(substitute(e, list(x = 3)), list(e = expr)) substitute(x + y, list(x = 3)) > eval(substitute(substitute(e, list(x = 3)), list(e = expr))) 3 + y

ÂåÆþ¤ÎÀµ³Î¤Êµ¬Â§¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤È¤¦¤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë: ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏÌÚÃæ¤Î³Æ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤ÏºÇ½é ÂèÆó°ú¿ô¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¾È¹ç¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ÂèÆó°ú¿ô¤Ï¥¿¥°ÉÕ¤¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Þ¤¿¤Ï´Ä¶¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤ÆÎÉ¤¤¡£ ¤â¤·¤½¤ì¤¬Ã±½ã¤Ê¶É½ê¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ê¤é¤Ð, Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ò½ü¤¡¢¤½¤ÎÃÍ¤¬ÁÞÆþ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤·¤½¤ì¤¬Í½Ìó(ÉáÄÌ´Ø¿ô°ú¿ô)¤Ê¤é¤ÐÍ½ÌóÉ½¸½¼°¤¬ÂåÆþ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤â¤·¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤¬¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤Ë ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¥È¥Ã¥×¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÂåÆþ¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÆÃ¼ì¤ÊÎã³°¤ÏÀµÄ¾¤Ê¤È¤³¤í´ñÌ¯¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï S ¤«¤é°ú¤·Ñ¤¬¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢º¬ËÜÅªÍýÍ³¤Ï¶²¤é¤¯¡¢ÊÑ¿ô¤¬¤½¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¹´Â«¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤À©¸æ¤¬Â¸ºß¤»¤º¡¢ ¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤ÆÂåÆþ¤òÃ±¤Ë quote ¤È¤·¤Æ¿¶Éñ¤ï¤»¤ë¤Î¤¬¹¥¤Þ¤·¤¤¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£

Í½ÌóÂåÆþ¤Îµ¬Â§¤Ï¡¢¤â¤·¶É½êÊÑ¿ô¤¬ substitute ¤¬»È¤ï¤ì¤ëÁ°¤Ë½¤Àµ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢ S ¤Î¤½¤ì¤È¾¯¡¹°Û¤Ê¤ë¡£R ¤Ï¤½¤¦¤·¤¿»þÊÑ¿ô¤Î¿·¤·¤¤ÃÍ¤ò»È¤¦¤¬¡¢°ìÊý S ¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤¬Äê¿ô¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê¡¢Ìµ¾ò·ï¤Ë°ú¿ô¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ò»È¤¦¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï S ¤Ç¤Ï f((1)) ¤¬ f(1) ¤ÈÈó¾ï¤Ë°Û¤Ê¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦´ñÌ¯¤Ê·ëÏÀ¤ò¤â¤¿¤é¤¹¡£R ¤Îµ¬Â§¤Ï¤è¤êÌÀÚò¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤éÃÙ±äÉ¾²Á¤È¤Î´ØÏ¢¤Ç¶Ã¤¯¤è¤¦¤Ê·ë²Ì¤ò¤â¤¿¤é¤¹¡£¼¡¤ÎÎã¤ò¹Í¤¨¤è¤¦

logplot <- function(y, ylab = deparse(substitute(y))) { y <- log(y) plot(y, ylab = ylab) }

¤³¤ì¤ÏÃ±½ãÌÀ²÷¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢y ¥é¥Ù¥ë¤¬½¹¤¤ c(...) ¤È¤¤¤¦É½¸½¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò µ¤¤Å¤¯¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÃÙ±äÉ¾²Á¤¬ ylab ¤¬ÊÑ¹¹¤µ¤ì¤¿¸å¤Ç ylab É½¸½¼°¤òÉ¾²Á ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ë¡£²ò·èºö¤Ï ylab ¤òºÇ½é¤ËÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¶¯À©¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê

logplot <- function(y, ylab = deparse(substitute(y))) { ylab y <- log(y) plot(y, ylab = ylab) }

¤³¤ÎÂåÆþ¤Ç¤Ï eval(ylab) ¤ò»È¤¦¤Ù¤¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£¤â¤· ylab ¤¬¸À¸ì¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤â¤Þ¤¿É¾²Á¤·¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤¬¡¢ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¤â¤· quote(log[e](y)) ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¿ô³Ø¼°¤¬°ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤Ï·è¤·¤ÆË¾¤Þ¤·¤¤¤³¤È¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡£

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6.3 É¾²Á¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄÉ²Ã

eval ´Ø¿ô¤Ï¤³¤Î¾Ï¤ÎËÁÆ¬¤Ë¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ë¼êÃÊ¤È¤·¤Æ¾Ò²ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤³¤ì¤¬Á´¤Æ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£Æ±ÍÍ¤ËÉ¾²Á¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ë´Ä¶¤ò»ØÄê¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£¤³¤Î´Ä¶¤Î ´ûÄêÃÍ¤Ï eval ¤¬¤½¤³¤«¤é¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿É¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢ÉÑÈË¤ËÂ¾¤Î¤â¤Î¤ò ÀßÄê¤¹¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬µ¯¤¤ë¡£

´Ø·¸¤¹¤ëÉ¾²Á¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤¬¸½ºß¤Î¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤Î¿Æ¤Î¤½¤ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤¬ÎÉ¤¯¤¢¤ë(cf. ???)¡£ ÆÃ¤Ë¡¢É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤¬´Ø¿ô¤Î°ú¿ô¤Î substitute Áàºî¤Î·ë²Ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¡¢ ¤½¤ì¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Â¦¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤À¤±°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤ÄÊÑ¿ô¤ò´Þ¤à¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦(¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Â¦¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿Â¦¤Î lexical ¥¹¥³¡¼¥×¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò´üÂÔ¤¹¤ëÇ¡²¿¤Ê¤ëÍýÍ³¤âÌµ¤¤¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦)¡£¿Æ¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥àÃæ¤Ç É¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÉÑÈË¤Ëµ¯¤³¤ë¤Î¤Ç eval(expr, sys.frame(sys.parent())) ¤Ë ÂÐ¤¹¤ë´ÊÎ¬·Á¤È¤·¤Æ eval.parent ´Ø¿ô¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£

¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ðµ¯¤¤ë¤â¤¦°ì¤Ä¤Î¥±¡¼¥¹¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥àÃæ¤Ç¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ Îã¤¨¤Ð¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï data °ú¿ô¤¬Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤Î model.frame ´Ø¿ô¤È¤Î´ØÏ¢¤Çµ¯¤¤ë¡£ °ìÈÌ¤Ë¡¢¥â¥Ç¥ë¸ø¼°¤Î¹à¤Ï data Ãæ¤ÇÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢ ¤È¤¤È¤·¤Æ¤½¤ì¤é¤Ï¤Þ¤¿ model.frame ¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Â¦¤ÎÃæ¤Î¹àÌÜ¤Ø¤Î»²¾È¤ò´Þ¤à¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤³¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥ÈÃæ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤òÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤À¤±¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡¢ÊÑ¿ô¤¬¥ê¥¹¥ÈÃæ¤ËÌµ¤¤¾ì¹ç¤ËÃµº÷¤ò Â³¹Ô¤¹¤ëÊÄÊñ¤ò»ØÄê¤¹¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

eval(expr, data, sys.frame(sys.parent()))

eval(quote(total <- 0), environment(robert$balance)) # rob Rob

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6.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÉ¾²Á

¥â¡¼¥É "expression" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï @xref{Expression objects} ¤ÇÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÈÈó¾ï¤ËÎÉ¤¯»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

> ex <- expression(2 + 2, 3 + 4) > ex[[1]] 2 + 2 > ex[[2]] 3 + 4 > eval(ex) [1] 7

É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤Ï³Æ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ò½ç¤ËÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤¬¡¢ºÇ½ªÅª¤ÊÃÍ¤ÏºÇ¸å¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Î¤½¤ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤ÇÊ£¹ç¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È quote({2 + 2; 3 + 4}) ¤È¤Û¤È¤ó¤ÉÆ±¤¸ µóÆ°¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤éÈùÌ¯¤ÊÁê°ãÅÀ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡§ ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏÌÚÃæ¤Ç¤ÏÉûÉ½¸½¼°¤ÈÈ½ÊÌÉÔÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¬ÉûÉ½¸½¼°¤ÈÆ±¤¸»ÅÊý¤Ç¼«Æ°Åª¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£ É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤Î´Ö¤âÇ§¼±²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤¢¤ë°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤½¤Î°úÍÑ²½¤µ¤ì¤¿¾õÂÖ¤òÊÝ¤Ä¡£ É¾²Á´ï¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òºÆµ¢Åª¤Ë¤ÏÉ¾²Á¤»¤º¡¢¤½¤¦¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¬¾å¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë eval ´Ø¿ô ¤ËÄ¾ÀÜ°ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤À¤±¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤Î°ã¤¤¤Ï¼¡¤ÎÎã¤Ç¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¡§

> eval(substitute(mode(x), list(x = quote(2 + 2)))) [1] "numeric" > eval(substitute(mode(x), list(x = expression(2 + 2)))) [1] "expression"

µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò¡¢¤½¤ì¤òÀ¸¤ß½Ð¤·¤¿¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ë¤è¤êÉ½¸½¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¬¿ôÃÍ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤äÆÃÊÌ¤Ê³°ÉôÉ½¸½¤ò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤´ö¤Ä¤«¤ÎÂ¾¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò°·¤¦¤Î¤È»÷¤¿¤ä¤êÊý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¤Á¤ç¤Ã¤È¤·¤¿º®Íð¤ò¾·¤¯¡£

> e <- quote(expression(2 + 2)) > e expression(2 + 2) > mode(e) [1] "call" > ee <- expression(2 + 2) > ee expression(2 + 2) > mode(ee) [1] "expression"

¤Ä¤Þ¤ê e ¤È ee ¤Ï½ÐÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤ÈÆ±¤¸¤Ë¸«¤¨¤ë¤¬¡¢°ìÊý¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÀ¸À®¤·¤¿ ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Â¾Êý¤Ï¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¼«¿È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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6.5 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎÁàºî

> f <- function(x, y, ...) sys.call() > f(y = 1, 2, z = 3, 4) f(y = 1, 2, z = 3, 4)

> f <- function(x, y, ...) match.call() > f(y = 1, 2, z = 3, 4) f(x = 2, y = 1, z = 3, 4)

mf <- cl <- match.call() mf$singular.ok <- mf$model <- mf$method <- NULL mf$x <- mf$y <- mf$qr <- mf$contrasts <- NULL mf$drop.unused.levels <- TRUE mf[[1]] <- as.name("model.frame") mf <- eval(mf, sys.frame(sys.parent()))

·ë²Ì¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ï¤½¤Î¿Æ¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤ÇÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢¤½¤³¤Ç¤Ï´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ëÉ½¸½¼°¤¬°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬³Î¼Â¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò Ãí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÎºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï´Ø¿ôÌ¾¡¢»Ä¤ê¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤Ï ÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë·Á¼°Ì¾¤¬¥¿¥°¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¼ÂºÝ¤Î°ú¿ôÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢ÉÔÍ×¤Ê°ú¿ô¤ò¼è¤êµî¤ë¥Æ¥¯¥Ë¥Ã¥¯¤Ï¡¢Âè£²¡¦£³¹Ô¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢NULL ¤òÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ °ú¿ô¤òÉÕ¤±²Ã¤¨¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Âè£´¹Ô¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¥¿¥°ÉÕ¤¤Î¥ê¥¹¥ÈÂåÆþ(¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ï drop.unused.levels = TRUE ¤ò°ú¤ÅÏ¤¹) ¤ò¹Ô¤¦¡£ ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë´Ø¿ô¤ÎÌ¾Á°¤òÊÑ¹¹¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë as.name("model.frame") ¹½À®¤ò»È¤¦¤«¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï quote(model.frame) ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¡¢ÃÍ¤¬Ì¾Á°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÊÝ¾Ú¤·¤Æ¡¢¥ê¥¹¥È¤ÎÀèÆ¬Í×ÁÇ¤ËÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¡£

´Ø¿ô match.call ¤Ï¡¢ ¤â¤· FALSE ¤ËÀßÄê¤µ¤ì¤ë¤ÈÁ´¤Æ¤Î `...' °ú¿ô¤ò¥¿¥° `...' ¤ò »ý¤ÄÃ±°ì¤Î°ú¿ô¤Ë°ì³ç²½¤¹¤ë¥¹¥¤¥Ã¥Á¤Ç¤¢¤ë°ú¿ô expand.dots ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

> f <- function(x, y, ...) match.call(expand.dots = FALSE) > f(y = 1, 2, z = 3, 4) f(x = 2, y = 1, ... = list(z = 3, 4))

`...' °ú¿ô¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È(Àµ³Î¤Ë¤ÏÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È)¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢S ¤Ë±÷¤±¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê list ¤Ø¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ç¤ÏÌµ¤¤¡£

> e1 <- f(y = 1, 2, z = 3, 4)$... > e1 $z [1] 3 [[2]] [1] 4

¤³¤Î·Á¤Î match.call ¤ò»È¤¦ÍýÍ³¤ÏÃ±¤Ë¡¢Ç¤°Õ¤Î `...' °ú¿ô¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¡¢¤½¤ì¤òÃÎ¤é¤Ê¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤ ´Ø¿ô¤Ë°ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¼¡¤ÎÎã¤Ï plot.formula ¤ò½ñ¤´¹¤¨¤¿Îã¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡§

m <- match.call(expand.dots = FALSE) m$... <- NULL m[[1]] <- "model.frame"

¤è¤êÀºÌ¯¤Ê±þÍÑ¤¬ update.default ¤Ë¤¢¤ê¡¢¤½¤³¤Ç¤ÏÅö½é¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Ãæ¤Ë¤¢¤ë°ú¿ô¤Ë°ìÂ·¤¤¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó°ú¿ô¤òÄÉ²Ã¡¢ ÊÑ¹¹¡¢¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¾Ãµî¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

extras <- match.call(expand.dots = FALSE)$... if (length(extras) > 0) { existing <- !is.na(match(names(extras), names(call))) for (a in names(extras)[existing]) call[[a]] <- extras[[a]] if (any(!existing)) { call <- c(as.list(call), extras[!existing]) call <- as.call(call) } }

extras[[a]] == NULL ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ËÂ¸ºß¤¹¤ë°ú¿ô¤ò¸ÄÊÌ¤ËÊÑ¹¹¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ÏÍÑ¿´¤¬¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£ Îã¼¨¤µ¤ì¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¶¯À©ÊÑ´¹¤ò¤·¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ëÏ¢·ëÁàºî¤Ï¼ºÇÔ¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¶²¤é¤¯¥Ð¥°¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£

¤â¤¦Æó¤Ä¤Î´Ø¿ô¤¬´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¹½À®ÍÑ¤ËÂ¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê call ¤È do.call ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

> x <- 10.5 > call("round", x) round(10.5)

´Ø¿ô do.call ¤Ï»÷¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤òÂ¨ºÂ¤ËÉ¾²Á¤·¡¢Á´¤Æ¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò´Þ¤à ¥â¡¼¥É "list" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ò°ú¿ô¤Ë¼è¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Î¼«Á³¤ÊÍÑË¡¤Ï cbind ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê´Ø¿ô¤ò¥ê¥¹¥È¤ä¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤Î¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤ËÅ¬ÍÑ¤·¤¿¤¤¤È¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

is.na.data.frame <- function (x) { y <- do.call("cbind", lapply(x, "is.na")) rownames(y) <- row.names(x) y }

Â¾¤Î»ÈÍÑË¡¤Ï do.call("f", list(...)) ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¹½À®¤ÎÊÑ¼ï¤ò´Þ¤à¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¼ÂºÝ¤Î´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·°ÊÁ°¤Î°ú¿ô¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤ò´Þ¤ß¡¢ÃÙ±äÉ¾²Á¤ÎÂ¦ÌÌ¤ä´Ø¿ô¼«ÂÎ¤Ø¤ÎÂåÆþ¤òÌµ¸ú¤Ë¤¹¤ë ¤«¤âÃÎ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ËÎ±°Õ¤¹¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Æ±ÍÍ¤ÎÃí°Õ¤¬ call ´Ø¿ô¤Ë¤âÅö¤Æ¤Ï¤Þ¤ë¡£

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6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð´Ø¿ô¤äÊÄÊñ¤ÎÀ®Ê¬¤òÁàºî¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤ÐÍÍÑ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ R ¤Ï¤³¤ÎÌÜÅª¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë°ìÁÈ¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£

body: ´Ø¿ô¤ÎËÜÂÎ¤Ç¤¢¤ëÉ½¸½¼°¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£
formals: ´Ø¿ô¤Ø¤Î·Á¼°ÅªÊÑ¿ô¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï pairlist ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
environment: ´Ø¿ô¤ËÉÕ¿ï¤¹¤ë´Ä¶¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£
body<-: ¤³¤ì¤Ï´Ø¿ôËÜÂÎ¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤ò¥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë¡£
formals<-: ·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿¥ê¥¹¥È¤ò¥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë¡£
´Ä¶<-: ´Ø¿ô¤Î´Ä¶¤ò»ØÄê¤µ¤ì¤¿´Ä¶¤Ë¥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë¡£

¤Þ¤¿´Ø¿ô¤Î´Ä¶Ãæ¤Î°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤¿ÊÑ¿ô¤Î·ë¹ç¤òÊÑ¹¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢evalq(x<- 5, environment(f)) ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿ ¥³¡¼¥É¤ò»È¤¦¡£

¹¹¤Ë as.list ¤òÍÑ¤¤´Ø¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È¤ËÊÑ´¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ·ë²Ì¤Ï·Á¼°ÅªÊÑ¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È¤È´Ø¿ôËÜÂÎ¤òÏ¢·ë¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£ µÕ¤Ë¡¢¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ï as.function ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ´Ø¿ô¤ËÊÑ´¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤³¤Îµ¡Ç½¤Ï¼ç¤Ë S ¤È¤Î¸ß´¹À¤Î¤¿¤á¤ËÍÑ°Õ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ as.list ¤¬»ÈÍÑ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤È¤´Ä¶¤Î¾ðÊó¤¬¼º¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤È¡¢°ìÊý¤Ç as.function ¤Ï´Ä¶¤ò¥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤òµö¤¹°ú¿ô¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£

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7. ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È³°Éô¸À¸ì¤È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

7.1 ¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹

7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

7.3 .Internal ¤È .Primitive

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7.1 ¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹

¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ï R ´Ø¿ô system ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¾ÜºÙ¤Ï¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤Ë¤è¤ê°Û¤Ê¤ê(¥ª¥ó¥é¥¤¥ó¥Ø¥ë¥×¤ò¸«¤è)¡¢´Ö°ã¤¤¤Ê¤¯²¾Äê¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¢ºÇ½é¤Î°ú¿ô¤Ï ¼Â¹Ô(É¬¤º¤·¤â¥·¥§¥ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤)¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë°ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤ì¤ëÊ¸»úÎó command ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ Âè£²°ú¿ô¤Ï¤â¤·¤½¤ì¤¬¿¿¤Ê¤éÌ¿Îá¤Î½ÐÎÏ¤ò R ¤ÎÊ¸»úÎó¤Ë½¸¤á¤ë be internal ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

´Ø¿ô system.time ¤¬ Ì¿Îá¼Â¹Ô¤Î½êÍÑ»þ´Ö¤òÃÎ¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤¨¤ë(¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤éÍøÍÑ¤Ç¤¤ë¾ðÊó¤Ï Unix ¥¿¥¤¥×¤Î¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤Ë ¸Â¤é¤ì¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤)¡£

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7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ë¤µ¤ì¤¿¥³¡¼¥É¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ R ¤Ëµ¡Ç½¤ò²Ã¤¨¤ë¾ÜºÙ¤ËÉÕ¤¤¤Æ¤Ï section `¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È³°Éô¸À¸ì¤È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹' in Writing R Extensions ¤ò»²¾È¤Î¤³¤È¡£

´Ø¿ô .C ¤È .Fortran ¤Ï¡¢¹½ÃÛ»þ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï dyn.load ¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ R ¤Ë¥ê¥ó¥¯¤µ¤ì¤¿¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ëºÑ¤ß¥³¡¼¥É¤Ø¤ÎÉ¸½àÅª¤Ê¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï¼ç¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ë¤µ¤ì¤¿ C ¤È FORTRAN ¤Î¥³¡¼¥É¤Ë¤½¤ì¤¾¤ìÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¤¬¡¢ .C ´Ø¿ô¤Ï C++ ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê C É÷¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤òÀ¸À®¤Ç¤¤ëÂ¾¤Î¸À¸ì¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

´Ø¿ô .Call ¤È .External ¤Ï¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ë¤µ¤ì¤¿¥³¡¼¥É(¼ç¤Ë C ¥³¡¼¥É)¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÁàºî¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤òÄó¶¡¤¹¤ë¡£

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7.3 .Internal ¤È .Primitive

.Internal ¤È .Primitive ¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤Ï¹½ÃÛ»þ¤Ë R ¤Ë ¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ë¤µ¤ì¤ÆÁÈ¤ß¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿ C ¥³¡¼¥É¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤¹¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë See section `.Internal ¤È .Primitive' in Writing R Extensions.

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8. Îã³°½èÍý

R ¤ÎÎã³°½èÍýµ¡Ç½¤ÏÆó¤Ä¤Î¥á¥«¥Ë¥º¥à¤Ë¤è¤êÄó¶¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£T stop ¤ä warning ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿´Ø¿ô¤ÏÄ¾ÀÜ¤Ë¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢¤Þ¤¿ "warn" ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ÏÌäÂê¤Î½èÍý¤òÀ©¸æ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

8.1 stop

8.2 warning

8.3 on.exit

8.4 restart

8.5 ¥¨¥é¡¼»þ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó

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8.1 stop

stop ¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ï¸½ºß¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤òÄä»ß¤·¡¢ ¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸°ú¿ô¤ò½ÐÎÏ¤·¡¢¼Â¹Ô¤òºÇÀèÆ¬¤ËÌá¤¹¡£

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8.2 warning

¤â¤· "warn" ¤¬Îí(´ûÄêÃÍ)¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢ºÇ¾å°ÌÊÑ¿ô last.warning ¤¬ºî¤ê½Ð¤µ¤ì¡¢ warning ¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ËÈ¼¤¦³Æ¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤Ï¤³¤Î¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤ËÃà¼¡ÃßÀÑ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤··Ù¹ð¤Î¿ô¤¬ 10 Ì¤Ëþ¤Ê¤é¤Ð´Ø¿ô¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤¬½ªÎ»¤·¤¿ºÝ¤Ë½ÐÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤· £±£° °Ê¾å¤Î·Ù¹ð¤¬¤¢¤ì¤Ð´ö¤Ä·Ù¹ð¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤«¤¬½ÐÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤É¤Á¤é¤Î¾ì¹ç¤â last.warning ¤Ï¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤Î¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤òÊÝ»ý¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

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8.3 on.exit

on.exit ¥³¡¼¥É¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤Ë±÷¤±¤ë¥¨¥é¡¼¤Ï¡¢ on.exit ¥³¡¼¥É¤Î¤½¤ì°Ê¾å¤Î¼Â¹ÔÌµ¤·¤Ë¡¢Ä¾¤Á¤Ë¥È¥Ã¥×¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ø¤Î¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×¤ò¼æ¤µ¯¤³¤¹¡£

on.exit ¤Ï´Ø¿ô¤¬½ªÎ»¤·¤¿ºÝ¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ëÃ±°ì¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò¼è¤ë¡£

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8.4 restart

restart ¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ï¡¢¤â¤·¤½¤Î´Ø¿ô(¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë´Ø¿ô¤Î°ì¤Ä)¤ÎÉ¾²ÁÃæ¤Ë¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬ À¸¤¸¤ì¤Ð¡¢¼Â¸úÅª¤Ë´Ø¿ô¤ò²ÄÇ½¤ÊÉüµ¢ÅÀ¤Ë°ÌÃÖ¤µ¤»¤ë¡£

restart ¤ÏÏÀÍýÃÍÊÑ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ëÃ±°ì¤Î°ú¿ô¤ò¼è¤ë¡£ ¤â¤·ÏÀÍýÃÍ¤ÎÃÍ¤¬ TRUE ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×ÅÀ¤¬ÀßÄê¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤â¤·¤½¤ÎÃÍ¤¬ FALSE ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×ÅÀ¤Ï½üµî¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×ÅÀ¤Ï¼è¤ê½ü¤«¤ì¤ë¡£

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8.5 ¥¨¥é¡¼»þ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó

`warning.expression': ·Ù¹ð¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤¿¤È¤¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëÉ½¸½¼°¤òÀßÄê¤¹¤ë¡£¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬ÀßÄê¤µ¤ì¤ë¤ÈÄÌ¾ï¤Î·Ù¹ð¤Î½ÐÎÏ¤ÏÍÞÀ©¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
`error': ¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤¿¤È¤¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëÉ½¸½¼°¤òÀßÄê¤¹¤ë¡£ÄÌ¾ï¤Î¥¨¥é¡¼¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤È·Ù¹ð¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤¬¤³¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤Î Á°¤Ë½ÐÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

options("error") ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÆ³Æþ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤Ï on.exit ¤Ø¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¬ ¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ëÁ°¤ËÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

¥¨¥é¡¼¿®¹æ¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤¿ºÝ¤Ë R ¤ò½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë options(error = expression(q("yes"))) ¤ò»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬È¯À¸¤¹¤ë¤È R ¤È¤½¤Î´Ä¶¤Ï¥»¡¼¥Ö¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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9. ¥Ç¥Ð¥Ã¥°

R ¤¬°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ²ò¼á¤¹¤ë»Í¤Ä¤ÎÌ¿Îá¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤é¤Ï¡¢

`RET': ´Ø¿ô¤¬¥Ç¥Ð¥Ã¥°¤µ¤ì¤¿¤é¼¡¤Î¼Â¹ÔÊ¸¤Ø°Ü¤ë¡£¥Ö¥é¥¦¥¶¡¼¤¬µ¯Æ°¤µ¤ì¤¿¤é¼Â¹Ô¤ò·ÑÂ³¤¹¤ë¡£
`c'
`cont': ¼Â¹Ô¤ò·ÑÂ³¤¹¤ë¡£
`n': ´Ø¿ô¤Î¼¡¤Î¼Â¹ÔÊ¸¤ò¼Â¹Ô¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¥Ö¥é¥¦¥¶¡¼¤«¤é¤â»È¤¨¤ë¡£
`Q': ¼Â¹Ô¤òÄä»ß¤·¡¢Â¨ºÂ¤Ë¥È¥Ã¥×¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ë¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×¤¹¤ë¡£

9.1 browser

9.2 debug/undebug

9.3 trace/untrace

9.4 traceback

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9.1 browser

´Ø¿ô browser ¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ï R ¤ò¤½¤Î»þÅÀ¤ÇÄä»ß¤µ¤»¡¢ ¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤ËÆÃ¼ì¤Ê¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤òÄó¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£browser ¤Ø¤Î°ú¿ô¤ÏÌµ»ë¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

> foo <- function(s) { + c <- 3 + browser() + } > foo(4) Called from: foo(4) Browse[1]> s [1] 4 Browse[1]> get("c") [1] 3 Browse[1]>

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9.2 debug/undebug

> debug(mean.default) > mean(1:10) debugging in: mean.default(1:10) debug: { if (na.rm) x <- x[!is.na(x)] trim <- trim[1] n <- length(c(x, recursive = TRUE)) if (trim > 0) { if (trim >= 0.5) return(median(x, na.rm = FALSE)) lo <- floor(n * trim) + 1 hi <- n + 1 - lo x <- sort(x, partial = unique(c(lo, hi)))[lo:hi] n <- hi - lo + 1 } sum(x)/n } Browse[1]> debug: if (na.rm) x <- x[!is.na(x)] Browse[1]> debug: trim <- trim[1] Browse[1]> debug: n <- length(c(x, recursive = TRUE)) Browse[1]> c exiting from: mean.default(1:10) [1] 5.5

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9.3 trace/untrace

> get("[<-") .Primitive("[<-") > trace("[<-") > x <- 1:10 > x[3] <- 4 trace: "[<-"(*tmp*, 3, value = 4)

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9.4 traceback

¤¢¤ë¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬ºÇ¾å°Ì¤Ø¤Î¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×¤ò¼æ¤µ¯¤³¤¹¤È .Traceback ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ëÆÃ¼ìÊÑ¿ô¤¬ ºÇ¾å°Ì¤Îºî¶È¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤ËÃÖ¤«¤ì¤ë¡£ .Traceback ¤Ï¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬À¸¤¸¤¿»þ¤Ë³èÆ°¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·³Æ¡¹¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë¹àÌÜ¤ò»ý¤ÄÊ¸»ú¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ .Traceback ¤Î¥Á¥§¥Ã¥¯¤Ï traceback ¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤¹¤³¤È¤Ç¹Ô¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

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10. ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤È¤Ï R ¤Î¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¥³¡¼¥É¤ò¡¢»ØÄê¤µ¤ì¤¿»Ø¼¨¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë R ¤ÎÉ¾²Áµ¡¹½¤Ø°ú¤ÅÏ¤¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤ ÆâÉô·Á¼°¤ËÊÑ´¹¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ÆâÉô·Á¼°¤Ï¤½¤ì¼«¿È R ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ÊÝ´É¤·¤¿¤ê¡¢¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢ R ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤ÎÆâÉô¤Ç½èÍý¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

10.1 ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Î²áÄø

10.2 ¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

10.3 É½¸½¼°

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10.1 ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Î²áÄø

10.1.1 ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Î¥â¡¼¥É

10.1.2 ÆâÉôÉ½¸½

10.1.3 µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

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10.1.1 ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Î¥â¡¼¥É

R ¤Ë±÷¤±¤ë¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Ï»°¤Ä¤Î°Û¤Ê¤ëÊÑ¼ï¤ò»ý¤Ä¡§

ÆÉ¤ß¼è¤ê¡¦É¾²Á¡¦½ÐÎÏ¥ë¡¼¥×
¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ
Ê¸»úÎó¤Î¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

ÆÉ¤ß¼è¤ê¡¦É¾²Á¡¦½ÐÎÏ¥ë¡¼¥×¤Ï R ¤ËÂÐ¤¹¤ë´ðËÜÅª¤ÊÌ¿Îá¹Ô¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹¤ò·ÁÀ®¤¹¤ë¡£ ¥Æ¥¥¹¥ÈÆþÎÏ¤Ï´°Á´¤Ê R ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤¬ÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¤Þ¤ÇÆÉ¤ß¼è¤é¤ì¤ë¡£ É½¸½¼°¤ÏÊ£¿ô¤ÎÆþÎÏ¹Ô¤ËÊ¬³ä¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£½é´ü¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È(´ûÄê¤Ç `> ') ¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤¬¿·¤·¤¤É½¸½¼°¤òÆÉ¤ß¼è¤ë ¤³¤È¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤·¡¢·ÑÂ³¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È(´ûÄê¤Ç¤Ï `+ ') ¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤¬ÉÔ´°Á´¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤Î»Ä¤ê¤ò ´üÂÔ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£É½¸½¼°¤ÏÆþÎÏÃæ¤ËÆâÉô·Á¼°¤ËÊÑ´¹¤µ¤ì¡¢¹½Ê¸²òÀÏºÑ¤ß¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤¬É¾²Áµ¡¹½¤Ë°ú¤ÅÏ¤µ¤ì¡¢ ¤½¤·¤Æ·ë²Ì¤¬½ÐÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë(ÉÔ²Ä»ë¤Î»ØÄê¤¬¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê)¡£¤â¤·¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤¬¸À¸ì¤Î»ÅÍÍ¤ÈÌ·½â¤¹¤ë¾õÂÖ¤Ë ¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¸«½Ð¤¹¤È "Syntax Error" ¤Î¥Õ¥é¥°¤¬Î©¤Æ¤é¤ì¡¢¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤Ï¼«Ê¬¼«¿È¤ò¥ê¥»¥Ã¥È¤·¡¢¼¡¤ÎÆþÎÏ¹Ô¤Î ÀèÆ¬¤ÎÆþÎÏ¤«¤éºÆ³«¤¹¤ë¡£

¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï parse ´Ø¿ô¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ÆÃ¤Ë¡¢ ¤³¤ì¤Ï source ´Ø¿ô¤Î¼Â¹ÔÃæ¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¡¢Ì¿Îá¤òÆâÉô¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ËÊÝ´É¤·¡¢¤½¤ì¤é¤¬ ¤¢¤¿¤«¤â¥¡¼¥Ü¡¼¥É¤«¤é¥¿¥¤¥×¤µ¤ì¤¿¤«¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¤É¤ì¤«¤ÎÉ¾²Á¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ëÁ°¤Ë¡¢Á´¤Æ¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¡¢¹½Ê¸¤¬¸¡ºº¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£

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10.1.2 ÆâÉôÉ½¸½

¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤Ï¹½Ê¸²òÀÏÌÚ¤ò´Þ¤à R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ËÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Î¤è¤ê¾Ü¤·¤¤µ½Ò¤Ï 2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È ¤È 2.1.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£ ´ÊÃ±¤Ë¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¢R ¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤Î½éÅùÅªÉ½¸½¼°¤Ï´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤··Á¼°¤ÇÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢ºÇ½é¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¤¬´Ø¿ôÌ¾¤Ç¡¢ »Ä¤ê¤Ï¤½¤ì¼«¿È¤µ¤é¤Ë R ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë°ú¿ô¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¤³¤Î¥ê¥¹¥ÈÍ×ÁÇ¤ÏÌ¾Á°¤¬ÉÕ¤±¤é¤ì¡¢·Á¼°Åª°ú¿ô¤È¼ÂºÝ¤Î°ú¿ô¤Î¥¿¥°ÉÕ¤¾È¹ç¤ËÂÐ±þ¤¹¤ë¡£ Á´¤Æ¤Î R ¹½Ê¸Í×ÁÇ¤Ï¤³¤¦¤·¤¿ÊýË¡¤Ç°·¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡¢¤¿¤È¤¨¤ÐÂåÆþ x <- 1 ¤Ï "<-"(x, 1) ¤È¥³¡¼¥É²½¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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10.1.3 µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

Ç¤°Õ¤Î R ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï deparse ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ R ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ËÊÑ´¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð½ÐÎÏ·ë²Ì¤È¤Î´ØÏ¢¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¢¤¿¤È¤¨¤Ð¥×¥í¥Ã¥È¤Î¥é¥Ù¥ë¤¬Îã¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¥â¡¼¥É "expression" ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤À¤±¤¬µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ·ë²Ì¤òºÆ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤·¤Æ¤âÊÑ¤ï¤é¤Ê¤¤ ¤³¤È¤¬´üÂÔ¤Ç¤¤ë¡£Îã¤¨¤Ð¿ôÃÍ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë 1:5 ¤Ï "c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)" ¤ÈµÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ ¤µ¤ì¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï´Ø¿ô c ¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È¤·¤ÆºÆ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£ ²ÄÇ½¤Ê¸Â¤ê¡¢µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤È¡¢¤½¤ÎºÆ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤Ï¤â¤È¤Î¤½¤ì¤òÉ¾²Á¤·¤¿¤Î¤ÈÆ±¤¸·ë²Ì¤ò Í¿¤¨¤ë¤è¤¦¤ËÅØ¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢¤â¤È¤â¤È¥Æ¥¥¹¥ÈÉ½¸½¤«¤éÀ¸À®¤µ¤ì¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ê¤â¤Î¤ò´Þ¤à¡¢´ö¤Ä¤«¤ÎÌñ²ð¤ÊÎã³°¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

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10.2 ¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó are the elementary building blocks of a programming language. They are recognised during lexical analysis which (conceptually, at least) takes place prior to the syntactic analysis performed by the parser itself.

10.2.1 Äê¿ô

10.2.2 ¼±ÊÌ»Ò

10.2.3 Í½Ìó¸ì

10.2.4 ÆÃ¼ì±é»»»Ò

10.2.5 Ê¬Î¥µ¹æ

10.2.6 ±é»»»Ò¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

10.2.7 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×²½¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë

10.2.8 Åº»úÁàºî¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

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10.2.1 Äê¿ô

£´¤Ä¤ÎÄê¿ô·¿¡¢ÏÀÍýÃÍ¡¢¿ôÃÍ¡¢Ê£ÁÇ¿ôÃÍ¡¢¤½¤·¤ÆÊ¸»úÎó¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

¹¹¤Ë£´¤Ä¤ÎÆÃ¼ìÄê¿ô¡¢NULL, NA, Inf ¤½¤·¤Æ NaN ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

NULL ¤Ï¶õ¤Î¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÉ½¤¹¡£NA ¤Ï·çÂ»("Not Available")¥Ç¡¼¥¿ÃÍ¤òÉ½¤¹¡£ Inf ¤È NaN ¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì IEEE ÉâÆ°¾®¿ô·×»»¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÌµ¸ÂÂç¤ÈÈó¿ô (Îã¤¨¤Ð¡¢¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì±é»» 1/0 ¤È 0/0 ¤Î·ë²Ì)¤òÉ½¤¹¡£

ÏÀÍýÄê¿ô¤Ï TRUE ¤« FALSE ¤Î¤É¤Á¤é¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

¿ôÃÍÄê¿ô¤Ï C ¸À¸ì¤ÈÎà»÷¤Î¹½Ê¸¤Ë½¾¤¦¡£ ¤½¤ì¤é¤Ï¡¢¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤È¤·¤Æ `.' ¤ò½¾¤¨¤ëÎí¤«¤½¤ì°Ê¾å¤Î¿ô»ú¤«¤é¤Ê¤ëÀ°¿ôÉôÊ¬¡¢ ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤È¤·¤Æ `E' ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï `e' ¤½¤·¤ÆÉä¹æ¤ÈÎí¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¤½¤ì°Ê¾å¤Î¿ô»ú¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë Ê¸»úÎó¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë»Ø¿ôÉôÊ¬¤ò½¾¤¨¤ë¡¢Îí¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¤½¤ì°Ê¾å¤Î¿ô»ú¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë¾®¿ôÉôÊ¬¡¢¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë¡£ ¾®¿ô¡¢À°¿ôÉôÊ¬¤Î¤É¤Á¤é¤«¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¤¬¡¢Æ±»þ¤ËÎ¾ÊýÌµ¤¤¤³¤È¤Ïµö¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£

Å¬Àµ¤Ê¿ôÃÍÄê¿ô¡§ 1 10 0.1 .2 1e-7 1.2e+7 2e 3e+

À°¿ôÃÍÄê¿ô¤È¤¤¤¦ÆÃÊÌ¤Ê¥¯¥é¥¹¤¬Ìµ¤¤¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£

Å¬Àµ¤ÊÊ£ÁÇ¿ôÃÍ¡§ 2i 4.1i 1e-2i

Ê¸»úÎóÄê¿ô¤Ï°ì½Å°úÍÑÉä (`'') ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÆó½Å°úÍÑÉä (`"') ¤ÎÂÐ¤Ç°Ï¤Þ¤ì¡¢ Â¾¤Î°õ»ú²ÄÇ½¤ÊÁ´¤Æ¤ÎÊ¸»ú¤ò´Þ¤à¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£°úÍÑÉä¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÂ¾¤ÎÆÃ¼ìÊ¸»ú¤Ï ¥¨¥¹¥±¡¼¥×Ê¸»úÎó ¤òÍÑ¤¤¤Æ »ØÄê¤Ç¤¤ë¡§

\': °ì½Å°úÍÑÉä
\": Æó½Å°úÍÑÉä
\n: ²þ¹Ô
\t: ¥¿¥ÖÊ¸»ú
\b: ¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹
\nnn: Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿¥³¡¼¥É¤ò»ý¤ÄÊ¸»ú

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10.2.2 ¼±ÊÌ»Ò

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¥Ô¥ê¥ª¥Ã¥É¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤Ï´ûÄê¤Ç¤Ï ls ´Ø¿ô¤ÇÉ½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤º¡¢`...' ¤½¤·¤Æ `..1', `..2', Åù¤ÏÆÃ¼ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£

¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¤Þ¤¿¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤Ç¤ÏÌµ¤¤Ì¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤Ï°ìÈÌ¤Ë get ¤È assign ¤Ç¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ç¤¤ë¤¬¡¢ ¤¢¤ë¸Â¤é¤ì¤¿´Ä¶¤Ç¤ÏÛ£Ëæ¤µ¤¬Ìµ¤¤¸Â¤ê¥Æ¥¥¹¥ÈÊ¸»úÎó¤Ç¤âÉ½¼¨¤Ç¤¤ë(Îã¤¨¤Ð "x" <- 1)¡£

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10.2.3 Í½Ìó¸ì

if else repeat while function for in next break TRUE FALSE NULL NA Inf NaN ... ..1 ..2 etc.

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10.2.4 ÆÃ¼ì±é»»»Ò

R ¤Ç¤Ï¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤¬ÆÈ¼«¤ÎÃæÃÖ(infix)±é»»»Ò¤òÄêµÁ¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤ÏÊ¸»ú `%' ¤Ç¶´¤Þ¤ì¤¿Ê¸»úÎó¤È¤¤¤¦·Á¼°¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£ Ê¸»úÎó¤Ï `%' ¤ò½ü¤¯Á´¤Æ¤Î°õ»ú²ÄÇ½¤ÊÊ¸»ú¤ò´Þ¤à¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ ¥¨¥¹¥±¡¼¥×Ê¸»úÎó¤Ï¤³¤Î¸Â¤ê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£

°Ê²¼¤Î±é»»»Ò¤¬Í½¤áÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

%% %*% %/% %in% %o% %x%

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10.2.5 Ê¬Î¥µ¹æ

Ê¸»úÄÌ¤ê¤Ë¤Ï¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó¤Ç¤ÏÌµ¤¤¤¬¡¢°ú¤Â³¤¯¶õÇòÊ¸»ú(¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤È¥¿¥Ö)¤ÏÛ£Ëæ¤µ¤¬»Ä¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¶èÀÚ¤ê¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë (x<-5 ¤È x < -5 ¤òÈæ³Ó¤»¤è)¡£

¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó (`;') ¤Ï½éÅùÅªÉ½¸½¼°¤òÊ¬Î¥¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£

²þ¹Ô¤Ï¥È¡¼¥¯¥óÊ¬Î¥»Ò¤ÈÉ½¸½¼°¤Î½ªÎ»»Ø¼¨¤ò·ó¤ÍÈ÷¤¨¤¿µ¡Ç½¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£ ¤â¤·É½¸½¼°¤¬¹ÔËö¤Ç½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤Ê¤é¡¢¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤Ï¤½¤ì¤ò¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤¤¡¢¤µ¤â¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð ²þ¹Ô¤Ï¶õÇò¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£

¥¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É else ¤Ë¤ÏÆÃ¼ì¤Êµ¬Â§¤¬Å¬ÍÑ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡§ Ê£¹çÉ½¸½¼°¤ÎÆâÉô¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ else ¤ÎÁ°¤Î²þ¹Ô¤ÏÌµ»ë¤µ¤ì¡¢°ìÊý¤ÇºÇ¤â³°Â¦¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤Ï²þ¹Ô¤Ï if ¹½Ê¸¤ò ½ªÎ»¤µ¤» else ¤Ï¹½Ê¸¥¨¥é¡¼¤ò¼æ¤µ¯¤³¤¹¡£¤³¤Î¾¯¡¹ÊÑÂ§Åª¤ÊµóÆ°¤Ï¡¢ R ¤¬ÂÐÏÃÅª¤Ë»ÈÍÑ¤Ç¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ëºî¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤¬ RET ¤ò²¡¤¹¤ä ÈÝ¤ä¡¢ÆþÎÏ¤µ¤ì¤¿É½¸½¼°¤¬´°Á´¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¡¢ÉÔ´°Á´¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÉÔÀµ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤òÈ½ÃÇ¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð ¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ë¡£

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10.2.6 ±é»»»Ò¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

R uses the following operator tokens

+ - * / %% ^ »»½Ñ

> >= < <= == != ´Ø·¸

! & | ÏÀÍý

~ ¥â¥Ç¥ë¸ø¼°

-> <- ÂåÆþ

$ ¥ê¥¹¥ÈÅº»úÁàºî

: ¿ôÎó

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10.2.7 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×²½¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë

Ãæ³ç¸Ì---`{' and `}'---¤Ï´Ø¿ôÄêµÁÃæ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤Î¥Ö¥í¥Ã¥¯¡¢¾ò·ïÉÕ¤É½¸½¼°¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ·«ÊÖ¤·¹½À®¡¢¤ò¶èÀÚ¤ë¡£

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10.2.8 Åº»úÁàºî¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

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10.3 É½¸½¼°

R ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ï R É½¸½¼°¤ÎÎó¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë¡£°ì¤Ä¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ÏÄê¿ô¤È¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤À¤±¤«¤é¤Ê¤ëÃ±½ã¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¡¢ Â¾¤ÎÉôÉÊ(¤½¤ì¼«¿ÈÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤ÆÎÉ¤¤)¤«¤é¹½À®¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê£¹çÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

10.3.1 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·

10.3.2 ´ÖÃÖ±é»»»Ò¤ÈÁ°ÃÖ±é»»»Ò

10.3.3 Åº»ú¹½À®

10.3.4 Ê£¹çÉ½¸½¼°

10.3.5 Î®¤ìÀ©¸æÍ×ÁÇ

10.3.6 ´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ

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10.3.1 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·

function_reference ( arg1, arg2, ...... , argn )

´Ø¿ô»²¾È¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤É¤ì¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë

°ì¤Ä¤Î¼±ÊÌ»Ò (´Ø¿ôÌ¾)
Ê¸»úÎó (¾å¤ÈÆ±¤¸¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢´Ø¿ôÌ¾¤¬Å¬Àµ¤Ê¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤Ç¤Ê¤¤Ì¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¤È¤´ÊÎ¬¤Ç¤¢¤ë)
É½¸½¼° (´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÉ¾²Á¤Ç¤¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë)

³Æ°ú¿ô¤Ï¥¿¥°¤ò»ý¤Ä¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë(tag=expr)¡£¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÃ±¤Ë Ã±½ãÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¶õ¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¯¡¢ÆÃ¼ìµ¹æ `...', `..2', Åù¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£

¥¿¥°¤Ï¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÊ¸»úÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

Îã¡§

f(x) g(tag = value, , 5) "odd name"("strange tag" = 5, y) (function(x) x^2)(5)

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10.3.2 ´ÖÃÖ±é»»»Ò¤ÈÁ°ÃÖ±é»»»Ò

±é»»»Ò¤ÎÍ¥ÀèÅÙ(¹â¤¤¤â¤ÎÄøÀè¤ËÅ¬ÍÑ)¤Ï

^ - + (Ã±¹à±é»») : %xyz% * / %% + - (Æó¹à±é»»»Ò) > >= < <= == != ! & | ~ (Ã±¹à¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÆó¹à±é»»»Ò) -> <-

¶Ò¾è±é»»»Ò `^' ¤Èº¸ÂåÆþ±é»»»Ò `<-' ¤Ï±¦¤«¤éº¸¤Ø¤È¥°¥ë¡¼¥×²½¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ Â¾¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤Î±é»»»Ò¤Ïº¸¤«¤é±¦¤Ø¤È¥°¥ë¡¼¥×²½¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ ¤Ä¤Þ¤ê 2 ^ 2 ^ 3 ¤Ï 2 ^ 8 ¤Ç¤¢¤ê 4 ^ 3 ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢ Â¾Êý 1 - 1 - 1 ¤Ï -1 ¤Ç¤¢¤ê 1 ¤Ç¤ÏÌµ¤¤¡£

¸·Ì©¤Ë¤Ï±é»»»Ò¤Ç¤ÏÌµ¤¤¤±¤ì¤É¡¢¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë `=' symbol ¤¬´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥¿¥°ÉÕ¤°ú¿ô¤È¡¢´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë ´ûÄêÃÍÂåÆþ¤ËÂÐ¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤ò½Ò¤Ù¤ëÉ¬Í×¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

`$' µ¹æ¤Ï¤¢¤ë°ÕÌ£¤Ç±é»»»Ò¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢Ç¤°Õ¤Î±¦ÊÕÃÍ¤òµö¤¹¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢ @xref{Index constructions} ¤ÇÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÂ¾¤Î¤É¤Î±é»»»Ò¤è¤ê¤â¹â¤¤ Í¥ÀèÅÙ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£

³ç¸Ì¤Ï¡¢±é»»»Ò¤ÎÍ¥ÀèÅÙ¤«¤é³ç¸Ì¤¬¿äÂ¬¤µ¤ì¤ë¾ì¹ç(Îã¤¨¤Ð a * (b + c))¤ò´Þ¤á¡¢ Ì¾Á° "(" ¤ò»ý¤ÄÃ±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤ÆµÏ¿¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

ÂåÆþµ¹æ¤Ï»»½Ñ¡¢´Ø·¸¤½¤·¤ÆÏÀÍý±é»»»Ò¤ÈÁ´¤¯Æ±Îà¤Î±é»»»Ò¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÃí°Õ¤·¤è¤¦¡£ ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ´ï¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¸Â¤ê¡¢Ç¤°Õ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤¬ÂåÆþ¤ÎÈïÂåÆþ¹à¤Ëµö¤µ¤ì¤ë(2 + 2 <- 5 ¤Ï¡¢É¾²Áµ¡¹½¤Ï¤Ï¤Í¤Ä¤±¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¡¢ ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¸Â¤êÅ¬Àµ¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Æ±¤¸Ãí°Õ¤Ï¥â¥Ç¥ë¸ø¼°±é»»»Ò¤ËÉÕ¤¤¤Æ¤âÅö¤Æ¤Ï¤Þ¤ë¡£

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10.3.3 Åº»ú¹½À®

R ¤Ï»°¤Ä¤ÎÅº»ú¹½À®¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤½¤Î¤¦¤ÁÆó¤Ä¤Ï¹½Ê¸Åª¤Ë¤Ï¾¯¤·°Û¤Ê¤ë¤¬°ÕÌ£Åª¤Ë¤ÏÎà»÷¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

object [ arg1, ...... , argn ] object [[ arg1, ...... , argn ]]

object ¤Ï·Á¼°Åª¤Ë¤ÏÇ¤°Õ¤ÎÅ¬Àµ¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤ÇÎÉ¤¤¤¬¡¢ÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç±é»»¤¬²ÄÇ½¤Ê¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤òÉ½¤¹¤«¡¢ ¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ËÉ¾²Á¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬²¾Äê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ °ú¿ô¤Ï°ìÈÌ¤Ë¿ôÃÍ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÊ¸»úÅº»ú¤È¤·¤ÆÉ¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢Â¾¤Î¼ïÎà¤Î°ú¿ô¤â²ÄÇ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë(ÆÃ¤Ë drop = FALSE)¡£

ÆâÉôÅª¤Ë¤Ï¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÅº»ú¹½À®¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì´Ø¿ôÌ¾ "[" ¤È "[[" ¤ò»ý¤Ä¡¢ ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È¤·¤ÆÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

»°ÈÖÌÜ¤ÎÅº»ú¹½À®¤Ï

object $ tag

¤³¤³¤Ç object ¤Ï¾å¤ÈÆ±¤¸¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬ tag ¤Ï¼±ÊÌ»Ò¤«Ê¸»úÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ÆâÉôÅª¤Ë¤Ï¤³¤ì¤ÏÌ¾Á° "$" ¤ò»ý¤Ä´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È¤·¤ÆÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

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10.3.4 Ê£¹çÉ½¸½¼°

Ê£¹çÉ½¸½¼°¤Ï¼¡¤Î·Á¼°¤ò»ý¤Ä

{ expr1 ; expr2 ; ...... ; exprn }

¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó¤Ï²þ¹Ô¤ÇÃÖ¤´¹¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£ÆâÉôÅª¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï "{" ¤ò´Ø¿ôÌ¾¤È¤·É½¸½¼°¤ò°ú¿ô¤Ë»ý¤Ä´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È¤·¤ÆÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£ expressions as arguments.

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if ( cond ) expr if ( cond ) expr1 else expr2 while ( cond ) expr repeat expr for ( var in list ) expr

¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¹½À®Í×ÁÇÃæ¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤ÏÅµ·¿Åª¤ËÊ£¹çÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

·«ÊÖ¤·¹½Â¤ (while, repeat, for) Ãæ¤Ç¤Ï break (¥ë¡¼¥×¤òÄä»ß¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë) ¤½¤·¤Æ next (¼¡¤Î·«ÊÖ¤·¤ò¥¹¥¥Ã¥×¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë)»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£

"if"(cond, expr) "if"(cond, expr1, expr2) "while"(cond, expr) "repeat"(expr) "for"(var, list, expr) "break"() "next"()

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10.3.6 ´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ

´Ø¿ô¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Ï¤Ä¤®¤Î·Á¼°¤ò»ý¤Ä

function ( arglist ) body

´Ø¿ô¤ÎËÜÂÎ¤ÏÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤·¤Ð¤·¤ÐÊ£¹çÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ arglist ¤Ï¥³¥ó¥Þ¤Ç¶èÀÚ¤é¤ì¤¿¹àÌÜ¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢³Æ¡¹¤Ï¼±ÊÌ»Ò¡¢ `identifier = default' ¤Î·Á¼°¡¢¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÆÃ¼ì¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë {...} ¤Î¤É¤ì¤Ç¤âÎÉ¤¤¡£default ¤ÏÇ¤°Õ¤ÎÅ¬Àµ¤ÊÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤ÆÎÉ¤¤¡£

ÆâÉôÅª¤Ë¤Ï´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ¤Ï´Ø¿ôÌ¾ function ¤ÈÆó¤Ä¤Î°ú¿ô¡¢arglist ¤È body¡¢¤ò¤â¤Ä´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤È¤·¤ÆÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£arglist ¤Ï¥¿¥°ÉÕ¤¤ÎÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÊÝ´É¤µ¤ì¡¢ ¥¿¥°¤Ï°ú¿ôÌ¾¡¢¤½¤·¤ÆÃÍ¤Ï´ûÄê¤ÎÉ½¸½¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

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´Ø¿ô¤ÈÊÑ¿ô¤Îº÷°ú

Jump to: . ´
A B D E F M N O P Q R S T U W

	Index Entry	Section

.
	`.C`	7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹
	`.Call`	7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹
	`.External`	7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹
	`.Fortran`	7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹
	`.Internal`	7.3 .Internal ¤È .Primitive
	`.Primitive`	7.3 .Internal ¤È .Primitive

´
	`´Ä¶<-`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`´Ä¶<-`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

A
	`as.call`	2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`as.character`	2.1.3.1 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`as.function`	2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`as.list`	2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`as.name`	2.1.3.1 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`attr`	2.2 Â°À
	`attr<-`	2.2 Â°À
	`attributes`	2.2 Â°À
	`attributes<-`	2.2 Â°À

B
	`body`	2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`body`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`body`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`body<-`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`body<-`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`break`	3.2.2 ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Ê¸
	`browser`	9.1 browser

D
	`debug`	9.2 debug/undebug

E
	`environment`	2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`environment`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`environment`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

F
	`for`	3.2.5 for
	`formals`	2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`formals`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`formals`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`formals<-`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî
	`formals<-`	6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

M
	`match.arg`	4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç
	`match.call`	4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç
	`match.fun`	4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç
	`mode`	2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

N
	`names`	2.2.1 Ì¾Á°
	`names<-`	2.2.1 Ì¾Á°
	`new.env`	2.1.10 ´Ä¶
	`next`	3.2.2 ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Ê¸

O
	`on.exit`	8.3 on.exit

P
	`pairlist`	2.1.11 ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

Q
	`quote`	2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

R
	`reapetÊ¸`	3.2.3 reapetÊ¸
	`restart`	8.4 restart

S
	`stop`	8.1 stop
	`storage.mode`	2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
	`switch`	3.2.6 switch
	`system`	7.1 ¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹
	`system.time`	7.1 ¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹

T
	`trace`	9.3 trace/untrace
	`traceback`	9.4 traceback
	`typeof`	2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

U
	`undebug`	9.2 debug/undebug
	`untrace`	9.3 trace/untrace

W
	`warning`	8.2 warning
	`whileÊ¸`	3.2.4 whileÊ¸

Jump to:	. ´ A B D E F M N O P Q R S T U W

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A. »²¹ÍÊ¸¸¥

Richard A. Becker, John M. Chambers and Allan R. Wilks (1988), The New S Language. Chapman & Hall, New York. ¤³¤ÎËÜ¤Ï¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð"ÀÄËÜ(Blue Book)"¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¡£

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[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

1. ½ø
2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1 ´ðËÜ·¿

2.1.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë
2.1.2 ¥ê¥¹¥È
2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.3.1 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
2.1.6 NULL
2.1.7 ÁÈ¹þ¤ß¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÈÆÃ¼ì·Á¼°
2.1.8 Promise ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
2.1.9 ¥É¥Ã¥È
2.1.10 ´Ä¶
2.1.11 ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
2.1.12 "any" ·¿

2.2 Â°À

2.2.1 Ì¾Á°
2.2.2 ¼¡¸µ
2.2.3 ¼¡¸µÌ¾
2.2.4 ¥¯¥é¥¹
2.2.5 »þ·ÏÎóÂ°À

2.3 ÆÃ¼ì¤ÊÊ£¹ç¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.3.1 °ø»Ò
2.3.2 ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

3. É½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á

3.1 Ã±½ã¤ÊÉ¾²Á

3.1.1 Äê¿ô
3.1.2 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¾È¹ç
3.1.3 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·
3.1.4 ±é»»»Ò

3.2 À©¸æ¹½Â¤

3.2.1 ifÊ¸
3.2.2 ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Ê¸
3.2.3 reapetÊ¸
3.2.4 whileÊ¸
3.2.5 for
3.2.6 switch

3.3 ´ðËÜÅª»»½Ñ±é»»

3.3.1 ¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ëµ¬Â§
3.3.2 Ì¾Á°¤ÎÅÁÇÅ
3.3.3 ¼¡¸µÂ°À
3.3.4 NA ¤Î½èÍý

3.4 Åº»úÁàºî

3.4.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ë¤è¤ëÅº»úÁàºî
3.4.2 ¹ÔÎó¤ÈÇÛÎó¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî
3.4.3 Â¾¤Î¹½Â¤¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî
3.4.4 ÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç»ØÄê

3.5 ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

3.5.1 Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶
3.5.2 ¼½ñ¼°´Ä¶
3.5.3 ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯
3.5.4 ¸¡º÷¥Ñ¥¹

4. ´Ø¿ô

4.1 ´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¯

4.1.1 ¹½Ê¸¤ÈÎã
4.1.2 °ú¿ô

4.2 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
4.3 É¾²Á

4.3.1 É¾²Á´Ä¶
4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç
4.3.3 °ú¿ôÉ¾²Á
4.3.4 ¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

4.4 ÊÄÊñ

5. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

5.1 ÄêµÁ
5.2 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¥á¥Ã¥½¥É
5.3 ¥á¥Ã¥½¥É¤ò½ñ¤¯

6. ¸À¸ì¼«ÂÎ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

6.1 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÄ¾ÀÜÅªÁàºî
6.2 ÂåÆþ
6.3 É¾²Á¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄÉ²Ã
6.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÉ¾²Á
6.5 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎÁàºî
6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

7. ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È³°Éô¸À¸ì¤È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

7.1 ¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹
7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹
7.3 .Internal ¤È .Primitive

8. Îã³°½èÍý

8.1 stop
8.2 warning
8.3 on.exit
8.4 restart
8.5 ¥¨¥é¡¼»þ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó

9. ¥Ç¥Ð¥Ã¥°

9.1 browser
9.2 debug/undebug
9.3 trace/untrace
9.4 traceback

10. ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

10.1 ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Î²áÄø

10.1.1 ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ¤Î¥â¡¼¥É
10.1.2 ÆâÉôÉ½¸½
10.1.3 µÕ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ

10.2 ¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

10.2.1 Äê¿ô
10.2.2 ¼±ÊÌ»Ò
10.2.3 Í½Ìó¸ì
10.2.4 ÆÃ¼ì±é»»»Ò
10.2.5 Ê¬Î¥µ¹æ
10.2.6 ±é»»»Ò¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó
10.2.7 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×²½¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë
10.2.8 Åº»úÁàºî¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó

10.3 É½¸½¼°

10.3.1 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·
10.3.2 ´ÖÃÖ±é»»»Ò¤ÈÁ°ÃÖ±é»»»Ò
10.3.3 Åº»ú¹½À®
10.3.4 Ê£¹çÉ½¸½¼°
10.3.5 Î®¤ìÀ©¸æÍ×ÁÇ
10.3.6 ´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ

´Ø¿ô¤ÈÊÑ¿ô¤Îº÷°ú
A. »²¹ÍÊ¸¸¥

[Top]

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

Short Table of Contents

1. ½ø
2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
3. É½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á
4. ´Ø¿ô
5. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°
6. ¸À¸ì¼«ÂÎ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°
7. ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È³°Éô¸À¸ì¤È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹
8. Îã³°½èÍý
9. ¥Ç¥Ð¥Ã¥°
10. ¹½Ê¸²òÀÏ
´Ø¿ô¤ÈÊÑ¿ô¤Îº÷°ú
A. »²¹ÍÊ¸¸¥

[Top]

[Contents]

[Index]

[ ? ]

About this document

This document was generated using texi2html

The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning:

Button	Name	Go to	From 1.2.3 go to
[ < ]	Back	previous section in reading order	1.2.2
[ > ]	Forward	next section in reading order	1.2.4
[ << ]	FastBack	previous or up-and-previous section	1.1
[ Up ]	Up	up section	1.2
[ >> ]	FastForward	next or up-and-next section	1.3
[Top]	Top	cover (top) of document
[Contents]	Contents	table of contents
[Index]	Index	concept index
[ ? ]	About	this page

where the Example assumes that the current position is at Subsubsection One-Two-Three of a document of the following structure:

1. Section One

1.1 Subsection One-One

1.2 Subsection One-Two

1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One
1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two
1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three <== Current Position
1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four

1.3 Subsection One-Three

1.4 Subsection One-Four

This document was generated by Shigeru Mase on January, 13 2002 using texi2html

`NULL`	¶õ
`symbol`	ÊÑ¿ôÌ¾
`pairlist`	ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
`closure`	´Ø¿ô
`environment`	´Ä¶
`promise`	ÃÙ±äÉ¾²Á¤ò¼Â¸½¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
`language`	R ¤Î¸À¸ì¹½À®
`special`	¤½¤Î°ú¤¿ô¤òÉ¾²Á¤·¤Ê¤¤ÁÈ¹þ¤ß´Ø¿ô
`builtin`	¤½¤Î°ú¤¿ô¤òÉ¾²Á¤¹¤ëÁÈ¹þ¤ß´Ø¿ô
`logical`	ÏÀÍýÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë
`integer`	À°¿ôÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë
`double`	¼Â¿ôÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë
`complex`	Ê£ÁÇ¿ôÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë
`character`	Ê¸»úÃÍ¤ò´Þ¤à¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë
`...`	ÆÃ¼ì¤Ê²ÄÊÑÄ¹°ú¤¿ô ***
`any`	Á´¤Æ¤Î·¿¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ëÆÃ¼ì¤Ê·¿ ***
`expression`	É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È
`list`	¥ê¥¹¥È
`externalptr`	³°Éô¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

·¿	¥â¡¼¥É	ÊÝ´É¥â¡¼¥É
`ÏÀÍýÃÍ`	`logical`	`logical`
`À°¿ôÃÍ`	`numeric`	`integer`
`ÇÜÀºÅÙ¼Â¿ôÃÍ`	`numeric`	`double`
`Ê£ÁÇ¿ôÃÍ`	`complex`	`complex`
`Ê¸»ú`	`character`	`character`

`-`	º¹¡¢Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤âÆó¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¨¤ë
`+`	ÏÂ¡¢Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤âÆó¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¨¤ë
`!`	Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤ÎÈÝÄê
`~`	¥Á¥ë¥À¡¢¸ø¼°¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¡¢Ã±¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤âÆó¹à±é»»»Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤â»È¤¨¤ë
`?`	¥Ø¥ë¥×
`:`	¿ôÎó¡¢Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`*`	Multiplication, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`/`	Division, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`^`	Exponentiation, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`%x%`	Special Æó¹à±é»»»Ò operators, `x` can be replaced by anything
`%`	Modulus, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`<`	Less than, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`>`	Greater than, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`==`	Equal to, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`>=`	Greater than or equal to, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`<=`	Less than or equal to, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`&`	And, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized
`&&`	And, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, not ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized
`\|`	Or, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized
`\|\|`	Or, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, not ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ëized
`<-`	Left assignment, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`_`	Left assignment, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò, shouldn't be used
`->`	Right assignment, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò
`$`	List subset, Æó¹à±é»»»Ò

`+ - * / %% ^`	»»½Ñ
`> >= < <= == !=`	´Ø·¸
`! & \|`	ÏÀÍý
`~`	¥â¥Ç¥ë¸ø¼°
`-> <-`	ÂåÆþ
`$`	¥ê¥¹¥ÈÅº»úÁàºî
`:`	¿ôÎó

R Language Definition

1. ½ø

2. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1 ´ðËÜ·¿

2.1.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë

2.1.2 ¥ê¥¹¥È

2.1.3 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.3.1 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.5 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.6 NULL

2.1.7 ÁÈ¹þ¤ß¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÈÆÃ¼ì·Á¼°

2.1.8 Promise ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.9 ¥É¥Ã¥È

2.1.10 ´Ä¶­

2.1.11 ÂÐ¥ê¥¹¥È¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.1.12 "any" ·¿

2.2 Â°À­

2.2.1 Ì¾Á°

2.2.2 ¼¡¸µ

2.2.3 ¼¡¸µÌ¾

2.2.4 ¥¯¥é¥¹

2.2.5 »þ·ÏÎóÂ°À­

2.3 ÆÃ¼ì¤ÊÊ£¹ç¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

2.3.1 °ø»Ò

2.3.2 ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

3. É½¸½¼°¤ÎÉ¾²Á

3.1 Ã±½ã¤ÊÉ¾²Á

3.1.1 Äê¿ô

3.1.2 ¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¾È¹ç

3.1.3 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·

3.1.4 ±é»»»Ò

3.2 À©¸æ¹½Â¤

3.2.1 ifÊ¸

3.2.2 ·«¤êÊÖ¤·Ê¸

3.2.3 reapetÊ¸

3.2.4 whileÊ¸

3.2.5 for

3.2.6 switch

3.3 ´ðËÜÅª»»½Ñ±é»»

3.3.1 ¥ê¥µ¥¤¥¯¥ëµ¬Â§

3.3.2 Ì¾Á°¤ÎÅÁÇÅ

3.3.3 ¼¡¸µÂ°À­

3.3.4 NA ¤Î½èÍý

3.4 Åº»úÁàºî

3.4.1 ¥Ù¥¯¥È¥ë¤Ë¤è¤ëÅº»úÁàºî

3.4.2 ¹ÔÎó¤ÈÇÛÎó¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî

3.4.3 Â¾¤Î¹½Â¤¤ÎÅº»úÁàºî

3.4.4 ÉôÊ¬½¸¹ç»ØÄê

3.5 ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

3.5.1 Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶­

3.5.2 ¼­½ñ¼°´Ä¶­

3.5.3 ¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯

3.5.4 ¸¡º÷¥Ñ¥¹

4. ´Ø¿ô

4.1 ´Ø¿ô¤ò½ñ¤¯

4.1.1 ¹½Ê¸¤ÈÎã

4.1.2 °ú¿ô

4.2 ´Ø¿ô¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È

4.3 É¾²Á

4.3.1 É¾²Á´Ä¶­

4.3.2 °ú¿ô¾È¹ç

4.3.3 °ú¿ôÉ¾²Á

4.3.4 ¥¹¥³¡¼¥×

4.4 ÊÄÊñ

5. ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È»Ø¸þ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

5.1 ÄêµÁ

5.2 ¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¥á¥Ã¥½¥É

5.3 ¥á¥Ã¥½¥É¤ò½ñ¤¯

6. ¸À¸ì¼«ÂÎ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥ß¥ó¥°

6.1 ¸À¸ì¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÄ¾ÀÜÅªÁàºî

6.2 ÂåÆþ

6.3 É¾²Á¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄÉ²Ã

6.4 É½¸½¼°¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÎÉ¾²Á

6.5 ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎÁàºî

6.6 ´Ø¿ô¤ÎÁàºî

7. ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤È³°Éô¸À¸ì¤È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

7.1 ¥ª¥Ú¥ì¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ø¤Î¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹

7.2 ³°Éô¸À¸ì¤Ø¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¥¤¥¹

7.3 .Internal ¤È .Primitive

2.1.10 ´Ä¶

2.2 Â°À

2.2.5 »þ·ÏÎóÂ°À

3.3.3 ¼¡¸µÂ°À

3.5.1 Âç¶ÉÅª´Ä¶

3.5.2 ¼½ñ¼°´Ä¶

4.3.1 É¾²Á´Ä¶

10.2.5 Ê¬Î¥µ¹æ